{"id":3263,"date":"2020-06-22T15:26:27","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T12:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mordayanisma.org\/?p=3263"},"modified":"2025-06-17T13:43:25","modified_gmt":"2025-06-17T10:43:25","slug":"daha-fazla-kolerin-kolesi-yok-lokavtta-kadinlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/2020\/06\/22\/daha-fazla-kolerin-kolesi-yok-lokavtta-kadinlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Daha Fazla \u201cK\u00f6lelerin K\u00f6lesi\u201d Yok: Lokavtta Kad\u0131nlar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Evrim Yavuz’un \u0130rlandal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 1913 lokavt\u0131nda yoksullu\u011fa, hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 haftalarca s\u00fcren direni\u015fini, y\u00fckselen S\u00fcfrajet hareketinin i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlara olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deste\u011fini, muhafazakar erkek sendikac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l kad\u0131n sendikas\u0131 kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bu \u00e7evirisini siz de\u011ferli okuyucular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilgisine sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n

M\u00fccadelenin \u00d6n Saf\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan binlerce kad\u0131n\u0131n fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele ruhu olmadan, lokavttaki m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemezdi. Hareketteki rolleri kritikti. Onlar\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 ve bu gururlu miras an\u0131lmay\u0131 hak ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130rlanda’da, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlar \u00e7e\u015fitli cephelerde durumlar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar, o zaman\u0131n Dublin gibi \u015fehirlerinde var olan sosyal batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131ndan kendilerini kurtarma giri\u015fimlerinde i\u015fverenleri, bazen de erkek i\u015f\u00e7iler ve sendikac\u0131lar ile m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu harekete paralel olarak, bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n temel oy hakk\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131yordu. Sufrajetlerin daha militan ve s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinde olan k\u0131sm\u0131, destans\u0131 Dublin Lokavt sava\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc hareketi aktivistlerini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar, m\u00fccadelenin her seviyesinde, lokavt aylar\u0131nda kilit rol oynad\u0131lar. Kad\u0131nlar sokaklarda ni\u015fan ald\u0131, sava\u015ft\u0131, hapse girdi, grevciler ve aileleri i\u00e7in yard\u0131mlar sa\u011flad\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar polislerle sava\u015f\u0131rken grevcilerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve ailelerinin refah\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilk \u00f6nemli g\u00fcnlerinde i\u015fverenleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fyerine sokulmayan Jacob’s ‘un i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131, Mart 1914’te i\u015fe geri d\u00f6nen son ki\u015filerdi. 93 <\/sup>Bunlardan biri olan Alice Brady nihai fedakarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Jacob\u2019s’un 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Liberty Hall’dan bir yiyecekle giderken bir grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan vurulup ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar sonucu hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 94<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayat Zor<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Hayat 1913 Dublin’deki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in zordu. Dublin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir \u015fehirdi ve bu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fc tezah\u00fcrleri \u015fehir merkezindeki kiral\u0131k evlerde bulunacakt\u0131. Bu eski G\u00fcrc\u00fc binalar, orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Rathmines ve Ranelagh’daki daha ye\u015fil banliy\u00f6lere g\u00f6\u00e7leri esnas\u0131nda bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ev sahiplerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, kirac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na \u00e7ok az dikkat ettiler. \u0130\u015fverenlerin savunucusu Arnold Wright bile Dublin gecekondu b\u00f6lgesini \u201cy\u0131k\u0131m cehenneminde ayr\u0131 bir \u015fey\u201d olarak nitelendirdi. Wright, 1913 Kas\u0131m ve Aral\u0131k aylar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Dublin konutland\u0131rmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin H\u00fck\u00fcmet Soru\u015fturmas\u0131\u2019ndan 87.305 ki\u015finin 5.322 kiral\u0131k evde, 20.108 ailenin tek odal\u0131 dairede ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren al\u0131nt\u0131 yapar. 95<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle evli kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in, istihdam olanaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha azd\u0131 ve son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck paralar \u00f6dendi. Bu ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fayan erkekler i\u00e7in, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli istihdamda ge\u00e7ici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile \u00e7ok az mola veren a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fler vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1911 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131, Dublin’de, 20 ila 25 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndaki toplam 9.500 kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmen, ev hizmet\u00e7isi, ma\u011faza asistan\u0131,  fabrika ve ter at\u00f6lyelerinde i\u015f\u00e7ilik gibi t\u00fcm mesleklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlar\u0131n sadece 553’\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretmen ve m\u00fcrebbiye olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, 2.500\u2019\u00fc ev hizmet\u00e7isi, 1.500\u2019\u00fc kad\u0131n \u015fapkac\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00f6mlek \u00fcreticisi, 453\u2019\u00fc fabrikalarda ve geri kalan\u0131 di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 96<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Belfast’ta, 1890’lar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, 70.000 kad\u0131n keten fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1910’da Belfast keten end\u00fcstrisinde erkeklerden iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 kat daha fazla kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 97 <\/sup>Belfast ayr\u0131ca James Connolly’nin 1912’de ITGWU i\u00e7inde kurucu bir \u015fube olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fe sahip \u0130rlanda Tekstil \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131 kurdu\u011fu yerdi. 98<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Mary Galway ve Jim Larkin bu hareket \u00fczerine Connolly ile uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 99 <\/sup>Elbette, bir diki\u015f\u00e7i olan Galway, 1897’de 8.000 tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir grevine yol a\u00e7an \u0130rlanda Tekstil Operat\u00f6rleri Sendikas\u0131(TOS\u0130) i\u00e7in tam zamanl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcye d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve muhtemelen Connolly’nin inisiyatifini kendi sendikas\u0131 i\u00e7in rekabet olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Larkin, Connolly ile t\u00fcm kad\u0131n \u00fcyelerin ITGWU’ya nas\u0131l entegre edilmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda ayn\u0131 fikirde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve Connolly’nin \u00fcyelerinin yak\u0131n zamanda kurulan \u0130rlanda Kad\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikas\u0131’na (IWWU) ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekti\u011fini emretti. 100<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta IWWU, ITGWU’nun yar\u0131 otonom bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, Larkin’in daha muhafazak\u00e2r erkek sendikac\u0131lar\u0131n muhalefetini uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in IWWU’nun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015f olabilece\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir, hatta ITGWU’nun i\u00e7inde bile. 101<\/sup> Bu derece ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n nedeni hakk\u0131nda hala tart\u0131\u015fmalar var. William O\u2019Brien daha sonra, 1955’te Larkin’e d\u00fc\u015fman olan bir mektupta, Larkin’in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ITGWU’nun 5. kural\u0131ndaki \u201cki\u015fileri\u201d \u201csadece erkek \u00fcyeler\u201d olarak yorumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dublin\u2019de 1911\u2019de, 1.500 ki\u015fi kad\u0131n \u015fapkac\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00f6mlek i\u015f\u00e7isi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 102 <\/sup>1914 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, 1901 y\u0131l\u0131nda Michael O’lehane taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Drapers Yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 Derne\u011fi’nin (DAA) 4.000 \u00fcyesinden 1.400’\u00fc kad\u0131nd\u0131. Bu sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar genellikle geceleri i\u015fyerlerindeki yatakhanelerde kilitliydi. 1891-1913 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir dizi ma\u011fazada \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar sekiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep oldu. Camden Caddesi’nde b\u00f6yle bir yang\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan DAA dergisi, personelin \u201cbir kafeste fareler gibi hapsedildi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6yledi. 103<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacob’s, \u015firket i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 3.000 kad\u0131na kadar de\u011fi\u015fen tahminlerle fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fvereniydi. 104<\/sup> \u015eirketin 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1913 tarihli \u00fccret defterinde listelenen i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 2,175 idi. 105<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korkun\u00e7 sosyal ko\u015fullar, bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n\u0131 fuhu\u015fa zorlad\u0131, bu da Dublin’de \u0130rlanda veya \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki di\u011fer \u015fehirlerden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorundu. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Dublin B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Polisi, hayat kad\u0131n\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 1.677 kad\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve toplamda \u015fehrin kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 2’sini ve kiral\u0131k evlerde ya\u015fayan yeti\u015fkin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u00fczdesini temsil etti\u011fini de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayat kad\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tutuklama oranlar\u0131 1912’de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde artt\u0131. Bu durum, hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131, bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n polis taraf\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z edilmesinde bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. O zamanlar fuhu\u015fun korkun\u00e7 bir sonucu, sifiliz ve bel so\u011fuklu\u011fundan kaydedilen t\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczde 69’unu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n olu\u015fturmas\u0131yd\u0131. 106<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130rlanda \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

IWWU 1911’de kuruldu\u011funda \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i gazetesi, \u201cbinlerce i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n\u0131n\u201d 5 Eyl\u00fcl Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc Antient Konser Odalar\u0131\u2019nda bir toplant\u0131da birli\u011fi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Dublin Evening Mail, (\u015fimdi Akademi olarak bilinen ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Pearse St olarak bilinen) salonun kapasitesini 1842’deki a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201c900 ila 1000 ki\u015fi\u201d olarak kaydetti. 107 <\/sup>Birli\u011fin Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan James Larkin, Constance Markiewicz, James Nolan ve Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington ana konu\u015fmac\u0131lard\u0131 ve IWWU’da ve lokavt s\u0131ras\u0131nda kilit bir rol oynayacak olan Delia Larkin vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delia Larkin, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i’de, ailevi kayg\u0131lardan d\u00f6nemin hayati \u00f6nemde olan sosyal ve emek sorunlar\u0131na kadar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm geni\u015f meseleleri ele alan bir \u2018Haftal\u0131k Kad\u0131n K\u00f6\u015fesi\u2019 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Sendikan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndaki itici g\u00fc\u00e7, 22 A\u011fustos’ta Jacob\u2019s’ a kar\u015f\u0131 maa\u015f talebinde 3.000 kad\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir grev yapt\u0131. 108<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skeffington’un kad\u0131n y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011freniminin savunucusu ve \u00f6nde gelen bir oy hakk\u0131 savunucusu olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, militan sendikac\u0131lar\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in sosyal ve ekonomik ilerleme i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deste\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi. Markiewicz, yeni sendikan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirece\u011fini, oylar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 ve \u201c… ve b\u00f6ylece hepinizi adam edecek” dedi\u011fi anda tezah\u00fcrat ve kahkaha korosu y\u00fckseldi. 109<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacob\u2019s ‘da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u015fehirdeki ter at\u00f6lyelerine g\u00f6re daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 varken, \u00f6zellikle erkek i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131na k\u0131yasla \u00fccretleri hala d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilere ya\u015f, cinsiyet ve medeni duruma g\u00f6re \u00f6deme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evli ve ya\u015fl\u0131 erkekler (no. 1s) \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin en \u00fcst\u00fcndeyken, gen\u00e7 erkekler ve \u00e7ocuklar bir sonraki (no. 2s) ve bir ailenin toplam gelirine sadece katk\u0131da bulunanlar olarak kabul edilen kad\u0131nlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan saat veya g\u00f6revler ne olursa olsun \u00fccret skalas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na inmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Bakehouse K\u0131zlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ortalama \u00fccret 8 \u015eilin 2 Pence iken, 1 numaral\u0131 Bakehouse Erkekler\u2019e 28 \u015eilin 7 Pence \u00f6dendi. 110<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

George Jacob bir kuveyk\u0131r* idi ve \u0130ngiltere’deki Cadbury ve Rowntree gibi dini grubun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan di\u011fer i\u015fverenlere benzer \u015fekilde, kendilerini “model fabrikalar\u201d ile” model i\u015fverenler ” olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Son derece hakl\u0131 benlik imajlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu i\u015fverenler, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda asgari standartlar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ‘fabrikalar eylemleri’ nin s\u0131k\u0131 muhalifleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuveyk\u0131r i\u015fverenler, yeni sendikac\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015ftik\u00e7e bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli end\u00fcstriyel sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Belki de bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc, 1913’te Dublin’deki i\u015f\u00e7ilere lokavt yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Londra’da Annie Beasant\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011fu 672 kibrit\u00e7i k\u0131z\u0131n Bryant ve May’a kar\u015f\u0131 greve \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla 1888 kibrit i\u015f\u00e7isinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli greviydi.  111<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacob\u2019s \u2018da olan problemlere dair \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i gazetesinde bir\u00e7ok makale yay\u0131nland\u0131. Haziran 1911’de, bir yazar, meslekta\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne para veya di\u011fer baz\u0131 hediyeler toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015ften at\u0131lan k\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00f6rneklerine i\u015faret ederken, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar Jacob’ un kendi k\u0131z\u0131na bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hediyesi olarak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201cter\u00f6rize edildi\u201d. \u201cJacob ‘un hay\u0131rsever firmas\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131nda yorum yapan Larkin, 1911 Noel\u2019e kadar uzun s\u00fcre hizmet veren i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015ften at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cBay George Jacob hi\u00e7 Charles Dickens’\u0131n Noel \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 okudu mu? \u201ddiye merak etti. 112<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

” \u0130rlanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131 erkekler kadar uyan\u0131kt\u0131r, vicdans\u0131z i\u015fverenlerin ceplerini doldurmak i\u00e7in didinip durarak hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7iren beyaz k\u00f6le olmaktan b\u0131kt\u0131lar\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Erkekler Kadar Uyan\u0131k<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

IWWU \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1912-13 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan bir dizi grev yap\u0131ld\u0131. Delia Larkin, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i gazetesindeki \u2018\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar K\u00f6\u015fesi\u2019 nde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n artan militanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetledi : ” \u0130rlanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131 erkekler kadar uyan\u0131kt\u0131r, vicdans\u0131z i\u015fverenlerin ceplerini doldurmak i\u00e7in didinip durarak hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7iren beyaz k\u00f6le olmaktan b\u0131kt\u0131lar\u201d. 113<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yanl\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6ylem de\u011fildi, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere tam bir haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in 2 \u015filin 6 Peni ve 6 \u015filin (13c ve 32c) aras\u0131nda rezilce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler \u00f6dendi. 12 y\u0131ldan fazlard\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Keoghs \u00e7uval yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na bir hafta i\u00e7in 6 \u015filin \u00f6dendi. May\u0131s 1912’de Keoghs’ta k\u0131sa bir grev, \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6dedikleri \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere ra\u011fmen, baz\u0131 \u015firketler \u00fccretleri daha da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi aktivist, feminist ve Abbey eylemcisi Helena Molony\u2019e g\u00f6re, i\u015fverenler bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretleri bile k\u0131smak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131ld\u0131rma kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlara Liberty Hall’den ve \u0130WWU\u2019dan uzak kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 yoksa i\u015ften at\u0131lacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren bir taahh\u00fct\u00fc imzalatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 114<\/sup> Grevler ve m\u00fccadeleler Savoy Kafe\u2019de, Pembroke \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi\u2019nde ve Maguire ve Patterson\u2019da bir biri ard\u0131na geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar i\u015fyerinde haklar\u0131n\u0131 talep etmeye ba\u015flarken, oy hakk\u0131 hareketi de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy kullanma hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in aktif bir \u015fekilde kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Militan s\u00fcfrejetler ve i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi aras\u0131nda ba\u011flar kuruldu. James Connolly, oy hakk\u0131na deste\u011finde samimiydi ve i\u015f\u00e7i ve oy hakk\u0131 hareketleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmaya hevesliydi. 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n Yeniden Fethi kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle dedi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0130rlanda’da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n davas\u0131, t\u00fcm emek\u00e7i erkekler ve kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan kendi davalar\u0131 olarak hissediliyor… Emek davas\u0131n\u0131n militan kad\u0131nlardan daha azimli ve y\u00fcrekli destek\u00e7ileri yok”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oy kullanma hareketinde aktif olan bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n, 1913’te i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelesini destekledi ve grev boyunca \u00f6nemli destek\u00e7i roller sergiledi.  Bu destek \u00f6nceki i\u015f\u00e7i deste\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Oy hakk\u0131 gazetesi \u0130rlandal\u0131 Vatanda\u015f\u2019\u0131n 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1913’te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamadaki gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Bay Larkin’in sendikas\u0131n\u0131n adamlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Dublin’de kavgal\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc toplant\u0131larda, \u015fu anda grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 organize eden z\u00fcmre olan Hiberniyan Antik D\u00fczeni’nin holiganl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan S\u00fcfrajetler\u2019i korumak i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k m\u00fcdahale ettiler\u201d. 115<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lokavt ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kavgaya d\u00e2hil oldular. 30 A\u011fustos Cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa be\u015f g\u00fcn kala Dublin \u015fehrinde ciddi bir isyan ba\u015flad\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta baz\u0131 grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen Bohemians ve Shelbourne aras\u0131ndaki Ringsend’te bir futbol ma\u00e7\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, Brunswick Caddesi’nden \u015fehir merkezine kadar devam etti. Ba\u015fpiskopos Walsh\u2019\u0131n ruhani yolda\u015f\u0131 Peder Curran, baz\u0131 olaylara \u015fahit oldu. Onun baz\u0131 olaylara dair a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, hem ki\u015fisel tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 hem de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lerin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fc ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz\u00fcne Bir Kutu<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBrunswick Caddesi’ndeki her sokak k\u00f6\u015fesinde, ba\u015fta kad\u0131nlar ve d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar vard\u0131\u2026 Tramvay her grubu ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rm\u0131\u015f deliler gibi davrand\u0131lar. Tramvay g\u00f6revlilerine kaba dil kullanarak ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131lar, tehdit ettiler ve ‘grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131’ bekleyen kaderi ifade eden sert v\u00fccut hareketleri sergilediler… Sadece erkekler de\u011fil, sa\u00e7lar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kad\u0131nlar ve 15 veya 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar bile polisin etraf\u0131na ko\u015ftu. Kad\u0131nlar, ger\u00e7ekten de, neredeyse vah\u015fi \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131yla erkekleri g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakt\u0131, yumruklar\u0131n\u0131 memurlar\u0131n y\u00fczlerine sallad\u0131, s\u0131rtlar\u0131na vurdu. Erkekleri ve tutuklu arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekip kurtard\u0131lar.  Kafas\u0131na takm\u0131\u015f bir tanesi bo\u015f bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7uval\u0131n\u0131 kapt\u0131 ve t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle polis memurunu pataklad\u0131.\u201d 116<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar ak\u015fam saatlerinin kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Gecekondu b\u00f6lgelerindeki kad\u0131nlar \u201c\u015fi\u015fe ve ta\u015flarla ku\u015fanm\u0131\u015f” olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt ya da be\u015f y\u00fcz isyanc\u0131 polis taraf\u0131ndan Corporation ve Foley Caddesi’ne, Corporation binalar\u0131na kovaland\u0131. Gidip gelen birka\u00e7 saat saatlik m\u00fccadeleden sonra, polis i\u00e7lerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da oldu\u011fu isyanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan saat 1: 20\u2019de 17 ciddi kay\u0131pla ma\u011flup edildi. 117<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1913’te 50 kad\u0131n bir polis memuruna sald\u0131rmakla su\u00e7land\u0131, 15 kad\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak tutukland\u0131 ve 30 kad\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r olmayan su\u00e7larla su\u00e7lanarak g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 verildi. Foley Caddesi’ndeki kirac\u0131lardan biri olan Mary Ashbourne\u2019e, 2 sterlin para cezas\u0131 veya bir ay hapis cezas\u0131 alma se\u00e7ene\u011fi sunuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mountjoy Hapishanesi ziyaret komitesinin 1913 tarihli raporu, ihtilafla ilgili olarak hapse g\u00f6nderilen gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriyordu. Bunlardan en gen\u00e7lerinden biri York Caddesi’nden 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Jacob\u2019s i\u015f\u00e7isi Mary Ellen Murphy’ydi. \u015eu y\u00fczden bir hafta boyunca tutuklu kald\u0131 ve sonra bir ay hapis cezas\u0131 verildi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMessrs Jacob taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fe al\u0131nan k\u0131zlardan birine 3 Kas\u0131m sabah\u0131nda y\u00fcz\u00fcne kutu f\u0131rlatmak ve ona \u201cgrev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak ba\u011f\u0131rmak ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fleden sonra \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i ak\u015fam yeme\u011finden d\u00f6nerken ayn\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 sergilemek\u201d 119.<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131 sebebiyle Mountjoy hapishanesi\u2019nden nakil edilen Mary Ellen, Drumcondra’da The sisters of Our Lady of Charity taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen \u0131slah evine yerle\u015ftirildi. Connolly onun Magdalen Enstitis\u00fc\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirilmesinden korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Beresford Place\u2019de bir mitingde isim vermeden \u2018K\u0131zkarde\u015flik\u2019 k\u0131namas\u0131 yapt\u0131.120<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 tutsak IWWU \u00fcyesinin Liberty Hall\u2019un basamaklar\u0131nda \u00e7ekilen ve \u2018\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u015eehitleri ‘ isimli bir foto\u011fraf\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funun ne kadar gen\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.121 <\/sup>Resimdeki \u00e7o\u011fu kad\u0131n tek tek tespit edilemese de Kathleen Lynn, Jennie Shanahan, Bridget Brady, Mollie O’Reilly, Bridget Davis, Annie Norgrove, Emily Norgrove, Bessie Lynch ve Bayan Connolly\u2019nin d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Delia Larkin ve Lily Kempson ise o tarihte kesinlikle tespit edilmi\u015f ki\u015filerdir.122<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehir merkezi ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n sabah\u0131 30 A\u011fustos Cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, Jacob\u2019s fabrikas\u0131nda sendika rozeti takman\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili bir bildiri as\u0131ld\u0131. George Jacob sendika kart\u0131 takanlar\u0131n sendikal\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc korkuttu\u011fu konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131 oldu. ITGWU \u00fcyesi olan i\u015f\u00e7ilerini lokavt yapan Luncan\u2019da ba\u015fka bir Quacker \u015firketine ait Shacketon\u2019dan bir un sevkiyat\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma odalar\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 erkek un ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 reddetti ve i\u015ften at\u0131ld\u0131. Bakehouse itfaiyecileri 31 A\u011fustos Pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fe gelmedi. \u0130rlanda \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerinin 6 Eyl\u00fcl’deki raporuna g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Pazartesi sabah\u0131, sendika rozetlerini giyen \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131za Jacob’un ma\u015fas\u0131 Bayan Luke yakla\u015ft\u0131 ve rozetlerini \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bunu yapmay\u0131 reddettiler ve g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Eyl\u00fcl Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, asl\u0131nda ITGWU \/ IWWU \u00fcyeli\u011fi olan 670 erkek ve 303 kad\u0131n, \u00fcyeliklerini geri \u00e7ektiler. Bu \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Bakehouse \u00fcretiminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcm erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 63’\u00fcn\u00fc temsil ediyordu.  Kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00fczdesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karken, bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde %60\u2019\u0131 Bakehouse\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.123<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacob fabrikay\u0131 iki hafta boyunca kapatarak tepki verdi ve 15 Eyl\u00fcl’de ITGWU \u00fcyelerinin hi\u00e7birinin tekrar i\u015fe al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u0131srar etti. Grevden alt\u0131 hafta sonra, \u015firket kay\u0131tlar\u0131, i\u015flerinden olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirten ultimatoma ra\u011fmen as\u0131l kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn 645’inin i\u015fe geri d\u00f6nmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha Fazla Cesaret, Daha Fazla Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, Daha Fazla Dayan\u0131\u015fma<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye kadar, Lokavt’\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kad\u0131n grevcileri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az detayl\u0131 tarihsel bir inceleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. D\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalan kad\u0131nlar, grevcilerin en g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc olanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131, g\u00f6sterilerde, g\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck yapmada hep haz\u0131rlard\u0131 ve anti-grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 aktivitelerde yer ald\u0131lar. Bunlardan Rosie Hackett en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131yd\u0131. Hackett fabrikada lider bir sendika \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftu ve i\u015flerine geri d\u00f6nmeyen y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fi aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Hackett Liberty Hall’da Connolly ile yak\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etti. Delia Larkin ile birlikte, Liberty Hall’da Lokavt s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki rolleri i\u00e7in ma\u011fdur olan kad\u0131nlara i\u015f sa\u011flayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. Rosie Hackett, 1916’da Paskalya g\u00fcn\u00fc Vatanda\u015f Ordusu ile y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. 124<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delia Larkin taraf\u0131ndan grevci ailelere bakmak i\u00e7in bir ‘Bayanlar Komitesi’ kuruldu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Liberty Hall’daki bu \u00e7abalara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olma arzusuyla motive olan bir\u00e7ok feminist, emek hareketine daha fazla d\u00e2hil oldu. Helen Chenevix ve Helena Molony ile birlikte yak\u0131nda IWWU’nun lideri olacak olan Louie Bennett, kat\u0131l\u0131maya Liberty Hall’a yard\u0131m ederek ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha sonra \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cO zaman sayg\u0131n orta s\u0131n\u0131fa aittim ve Jim Larkin’i duymak i\u00e7in kalabal\u0131kla ko\u015ftu\u011fumu ve kollar\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde, buhar kazan\u0131na ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden, etraf\u0131 s\u0131ska kad\u0131n ve k\u00e2se, teneke ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ocuk kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7evrili Madame Markievicz’i g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in Liberty Hall’a bir su\u00e7lu gibi s\u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc ev ahalime itiraf etmeye cesaret edemedim\u2019\u2019 125<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

1913’te y\u00fczlerce, belki de binlerce kad\u0131n co\u015fkuyla sava\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar, art\u0131k \u201ck\u00f6lelerin k\u00f6lesi\u201d olmaktan ho\u015fnut de\u011fillerdi, zalim i\u015fverenlere, devlete, polise, mahkemelere ve kiliseye kar\u015f\u0131 cesurca sava\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist ve feminist Dora Montefiore, grevcilerin \u015fanss\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 yoksunluktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere’deki sempatizanlar\u0131n evlerine getirme plan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Montefiore grevcileri desteklemek i\u00e7in Dublin’e gelmi\u015fti ve Ev \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131n eski \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc Grace Neal ve yolda\u015f Amerikal\u0131 Lucille Rand ile birlikte Liberty Hall’un \u00e7orba mutfaklar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.126<\/sup> 1913’te y\u00fczlerce, belki de binlerce kad\u0131n co\u015fkuyla sava\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar, art\u0131k \u201ck\u00f6lelerin k\u00f6lesi\u201d olmaktan ho\u015fnut de\u011fillerdi, zalim i\u015fverenlere, devlete, polise, mahkemelere ve kiliseye kar\u015f\u0131 cesurca sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Mart 1914’e kadar grevde kalan Jacob\u2019s kad\u0131nlar\u0131, i\u015fe geri d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7an son ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, \u015fehre y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 yoksulluk veren \u015firket bu a\u015famada grevcilerin \u00e7o\u011funun yerine yenilerini ald\u0131. D\u00f6rt ila be\u015f y\u00fcz aras\u0131nda kad\u0131n asla eski i\u015flerine geri d\u00f6nmedi. 14 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 Lily Kempson gibi d\u00fczinelerce kad\u0131n hapsedildi. 127<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delia Larkin, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta IWWU Dramatik Toplulu\u011fu’nu kurarak, ancak kasvetli anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden \u0130rlandal\u0131 Kad\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Kooperatif Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nu kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak alternatif istihdam alanlar\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etti. Delia Larkin Liverpool’a geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, James Connolly; Helena Molony, Rosie Hackett ve Jennie Shanahan ile birlikte, Liberty Hall’da i\u015f imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya devam ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 \u00fcyesi, 3 Ocak’ta Alice Brady’nin cenaze t\u00f6reninde yas tutanlar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.128<\/sup> Cenazede konu\u015fan Jim Larkin, 1913 kad\u0131nlar\u0131yla gurur duydu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“On yedi haftal\u0131k m\u00fccadelelerinde, hi\u00e7bir grup i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlardan daha fazla cesaret, daha fazla dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, daha fazla dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6stermedi.\u2019\u2019129<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

*<\/strong>Kuveyk\u0131r: Bir Hristiyan mezhebi ve bu mezhebin \u00fcyeleri (\u00e7vn)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong>

93 Newsinger, \u0130syan \u015eehri : Larkin, Connolly ve Dublin \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Hareketi, s. 105<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

94 \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Cumhuriyeti, 29 May\u0131s 1915.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

95 Arnold Wright, Rahats\u0131z Dublin: 1913-14 B\u00fcy\u00fck Grevin Hik\u00e2yesi (Londra, 1914), s.29.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

96 Marget Ward  ‘ Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce oy hakk\u0131-\u0130rlanda Oy Hakk\u0131 Hareketi de\u011ferlendirmesi \u2019, Feminist Review, No. 10 (Bahar, 1982), s 21-36.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

97 Mary Jones, \u015eu Yaramaz Gen\u00e7 K\u0131zlar, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131 Tarihi (Dublin, 1988), S. 3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

98 Alison Buckley, ‘ K\u0131zlar\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u0130zin Verin’: \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk D\u00f6nem Feminist \u0130deolojisi, A. Hayes ve D. Uruqhart (eds), \u0130rlandal\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Tarihi (Dublin, 2004), S. 105’te.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

99 R. C. Owens, \u0130rlanda’da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal tarihi 1870-1970 (Dublin, 2005), s. 194.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

100 a.g.y  s 194-9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

101 Jones, \u015eu Yaramaz Gen\u00e7 K\u0131zlar, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131 Tarihi, S. 4.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

102 Ward, ‘ Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce oy hakk\u0131-\u0130rlanda Oy Hakk\u0131 Hareketi de\u011ferlendirmesi \u2019, s 21-36.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

103 Owens, \u0130rlanda’da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal tarihi 1870-1970, s 196-7.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

104 Theresa Moriarty,\u2019 Larkin ve Kad\u0131n Hareketi ‘ Nevin, James Larkin, <\/em> <\/em>Lion of the Fold,<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

s. 96. ; Jones, \u015eu Yaramaz Gen\u00e7 K\u0131zlar, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131 Tarihi, S.2.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

105 Patricia McCaffrey, 1913 lokavt\u0131nda  ‘Jacop’s \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019 , Saothar, cilt. 16 (1991), s 118-129.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

106 Yeates, lokavt, Dublin 1913, s 53-4.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

107 Patrick J. Stephenson ”Antient Konser Odalar\u0131”, Dublin Tarihi Belge, cilt. 5, no. 1 (1942), s.7.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

108 Jones, \u015eu Yaramaz Gen\u00e7 K\u0131zlar, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131 Tarihi, S. 2.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

109 Buckley, ‘ K\u0131zlar\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u0130zin Verin’: \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk D\u00f6nem Feminist \u0130deolojisi s.104.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

110 McCaffery, 1913 lokavt\u0131nda  ‘Jacop’s \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019, s 118-129.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

111 Michael Rowlinson, ‘Kuveyk\u0131r \u0130\u015fverenler’, End\u00fcstriyel \u0130li\u015fkilerde Tarihsel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, No. 6 (1998), s. 163-98.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

112 Newsinger, Rebel City: Larkin, Connolly ve Dublin \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Hareketi, s. 27.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

113 Jones, \u015eu Yaramaz Gen\u00e7 K\u0131zlar, \u0130rlandal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Sendikas\u0131 Tarihi, S 5-6.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

114 a. g. y., s. 9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

115 Nevin, James Larkin, Lion of the Fold, s. 94.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

116 Yeates, 1913 Dublin  Lokavt\u0131, s. 50.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

117 a. g. y., s. 56-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

118 a. g. y., s. 96-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

119 Peter Murry, ‘ Magdalenler Aras\u0131nda Bir Militan M\u0131? Mary Ellen Murphy’nin 1913 lokavt\u0131nda High Park\u2019a hapsedilmesi\u2019, Saothar, cilt 20 (1995), s. 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

120 Yeates, 1913Dublin Lokavt\u0131, s. 412.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

121 ‘ \u0130rlanda Ulusal Ar\u015fivi\u2019,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/www.census.nationalarchives.ie\/exhibition\/dublin\/commerce\/full\/E_ WomensWorkers_KE204.pdf<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


122 ‘\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u015eehitleri Projesi’,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 (http:\/\/womenworkersunion.ie\/?page_id=231<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

123 McCaffrey, 1913 lokavt\u0131nda  ‘Jacop’s \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019<\/em>, s 122-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

124 F. Devine ve M. O’riordan, James Connolly, Liberty Hall ve Paskalya \u0130syan\u0131 (Dublin, 2006), pp 75-83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

125 R. C. Owens,\u2019 Louie Bennett ‘ in M Cullen ve M. Luddy (eds), Kad\u0131n Aktivistler: \u0130rlandal\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar ve De\u011fi\u015fim, 1900-1960 (Dublin, 2001), s. 44.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

126 Nevin, James Larkin, Lion of the Fold, s. 98.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

127 a. g. y., s. 100. ; ‘\u0130rlandal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar sendikas\u0131\u2019,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(http:\/\/womenworkersunion.ie\/?page_id=231<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

128 Irish Times, 5 Ocak 1914.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

129 Nevin, James Larkin, Lion of the Fold, s. 101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye Evrim Yavuz taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrildi. Orijinali i\u00e7in:<\/em> http:\/\/rosa.ie\/slaves-slaves-women-lockout\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evrim Yavuz’un \u0130rlandal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 1913 lokavt\u0131nda yoksullu\u011fa, hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 haftalarca s\u00fcren direni\u015fini, y\u00fckselen S\u00fcfrajet hareketinin i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlara olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deste\u011fini, muhafazakar erkek sendikac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l kad\u0131n sendikas\u0131 kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bu \u00e7evirisini siz de\u011ferli okuyucular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilgisine sunuyoruz. M\u00fccadelenin \u00d6n Saf\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan binlerce kad\u0131n\u0131n fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele ruhu olmadan, lokavttaki m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemezdi.…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":3264,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[93,1246],"tags":[1428,1258],"ppma_author":[590],"class_list":["post-3263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceviri","category-kadin-ve-emek","tag-irlanda","tag-kadin-isciler","author-evrim-yavuz"],"authors":[{"term_id":590,"user_id":24,"is_guest":0,"slug":null,"display_name":"Evrim Yavuz","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/9f999b068f79e421f3c48e4bd5623b18.jpg?ver=1784366617","author_category":"","first_name":"Evrim","last_name":"Yavuz","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"evrimyavuz@mordayanisma.org"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3263"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3263"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}