{"id":2665,"date":"2020-04-28T16:35:25","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T13:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mordayanisma.org\/?p=2665"},"modified":"2025-01-26T18:21:11","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T15:21:11","slug":"engels-hakliydi-ilk-insan-kabilelerinde-akrabalik-soyun-anneden-kizina-aktarilmasina-dayaniyordu-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/engels-hakliydi-ilk-insan-kabilelerinde-akrabalik-soyun-anneden-kizina-aktarilmasina-dayaniyordu-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Engels Hakl\u0131yd\u0131: \u0130lk \u0130nsan Kabilelerinde Akrabal\u0131k Soyun Anneden K\u0131z\u0131na Aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na Dayan\u0131yordu [1]"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0130lk toplumsal kurum, \u00e7ekirdek aile de\u011fildi. Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, ilk toplumsal kurumun, kom\u00fcnist, kad\u0131n-merkezli klan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Engels 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda bunu ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan, y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, bu fikri reddedildi, \u00fcstelik kimi \u2018Marksistler\u2019 de bu reddin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Ancak son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Engels\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Krall\u0131k Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130lk \u0130nsanlarda Akrabal\u0131k ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda akademik bir cilt yay\u0131nlad\u0131[1]<\/a>. British Academy\u2019nin prestijli Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l Projesi \u2018Lucy\u2019den Dile: \u0130nsan Beyninin Arkeolojisi\u2019 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, Galler, Gregynog\u2019da 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen at\u00f6lye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine geli\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Sunumumda ve etkinli\u011fin ard\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan makalemde, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Engels\u2019in asl\u0131nda hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bahsettim: \u015fu anda, ilk insan toplumlar\u0131nda soyun ger\u00e7ekten de anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ciddi kan\u0131tlara sahibiz.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Antropologlar, Friedrich Engels\u2019in, dostu Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda, k\u00f6kenlerimizin ne oldu\u011funa dair mitlerden birini olu\u015fturan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tarih-\u00f6ncesine dair etkili bir makale yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir. Engels, bu makalede, akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n aslen soyun anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder. Engels, soyun anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n hepsinin sadece anne-babas\u0131 de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn bir klan taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fini ekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle de Rus Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan, bu fikirler \u2018Bol\u015fevizmle\u2019 ba\u011flant\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p o kadar tehlikeli addedildi ki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda etkin bir bi\u00e7imde bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Siyaset\u00e7iler ve rahipler, \u2018evlili\u011fe ve aileye\u2019 tehditlerden yak\u0131n\u0131rken, bunlar\u0131n \u00fcniversitelerdeki muadilleri, antropolojiyi, bir yandan Darwin\u2019cili\u011fe, di\u011fer yandan Marksizme kar\u015f\u0131 konumland\u0131rarak, disiplini yepyeni bir dayanak \u00fczerinden yeniden in\u015fa etti[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla, Gregynog\u2019daki bu at\u00f6lye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011f boyunca ilk kez, antropologlar bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yeniden ortaya atma cesaretini g\u00f6steriyordu. Sunumumda ve etkinli\u011fin ard\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan makalemde, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Engels\u2019in asl\u0131nda hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bahsettim: \u015fu anda, ilk insan toplumlar\u0131nda soyun ger\u00e7ekten de anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ciddi kan\u0131tlara sahibiz[4]<\/a>. Gregynog\u2019daki meslekta\u015flar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun bu konuda bana kat\u0131lma e\u011filiminde olduklar\u0131na hayretle ve keyifle \u015fahit oldum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki neden bu kadar beklemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k? Neden, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ciddi bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda, akademisyenler, bu tarz sorular\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaktan bile men edilmi\u015flerdi? Bu soruya cevap vermek i\u00e7in biraz ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6nmemiz gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini \u2018soyun anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 annelik\u2019 olarak g\u00f6ren kuram\u0131n en etkili savunucusu, ansiklopedik \u00fc\u00e7 ciltli\u00a0Anneler<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131n\u0131 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlayan Robert Briffault\u2019ydu. Briffault\u2019nun bu devasa giri\u015fimi \u2013ki bu g\u00fcnlerde hepten unutulmu\u015ftur- Morgan-Engels paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n son solu\u011fu olacakt\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Britanya ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da antropoloji, ilk defa, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan hemen sonra profesyonel bir disiplin haline geldi. Bu yeni disiplin siyasi bir buyru\u011fa sahipti: sava\u015f-\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde Lewis Morgan, Friedrich Engels ve Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen materyalist paradigmay\u0131 y\u0131kmak. Yeni antropolojinin misyonu, bilhassa iptidai toplumsal kurumun, tek tek aileler de\u011fil ana soylu klan oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcren kuram\u0131 \u2013ki o zamana kadar herkes bunu kabul ediyordu- \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmekti. \u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini \u2018soyun anneden k\u0131z\u0131na aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 annelik\u2019 olarak g\u00f6ren kuram\u0131n en etkili savunucusu, ansiklopedik \u00fc\u00e7 ciltli Anneler<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlayan Robert Briffault\u2019ydu. Briffault\u2019nun bu devasa giri\u015fimi \u2013ki bu g\u00fcnlerde hepten unutulmu\u015ftur- Morgan-Engels paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n son solu\u011fu olacakt\u0131. Barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla olmu\u015ftu. Bu yeni antropoloji disiplininin asli kurucusu olan LSE\u2019li Bronislaw Malinowski, bu iddiaya sanki \u015fahs\u0131na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sald\u0131r\u0131 gibi yan\u0131t verdi. Kolektif annelik, dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re, s\u0131rf yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda tehlikeli bir fikirdi. Toplum, bireyin evlili\u011fine ve bireysel aileye dayal\u0131yd\u0131 ve hep \u00f6yle kalacakt\u0131[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7o\u011fu Marksist bu ihtilaf hi\u00e7 ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f gibi davranmay\u0131 tercih ediyor, bunu utan\u00e7 verici olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Ne de olsa, Engels, genel anlamda kom\u00fcnizmle kalmay\u0131p cinsel kom\u00fcnizmi  de savunmuyor muydu? Kolektif annelikten ve ilkel anaerkil modelden bahsetmiyor muydu? B\u00f6yle bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131k olamazd\u0131. Neden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Marksistleri, Engels\u2019in korkun\u00e7 spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kals\u0131nd\u0131 ki? \u00dcstelik b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, herkesin yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi Lewis Morgan\u2019\u0131n varsay\u0131mlar\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Kendi S\u00f6zleriyle Marx ve Engels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels\u2019in kendi s\u00f6zleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nadiren an\u0131msad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, do\u011frudan ona at\u0131fta bulunarak ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131m. \u015eu paragrafta, Engels, Morgan\u2019\u0131n \u2018orijinal anneden-yana klan\u0131 yeniden ke\u015ffedi\u015fini\u2019 \u00f6v\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Evrimsel biyolojide, Marx\u2019\u0131n art\u0131 de\u011feri siyasi iktisatta neyse, orijinal anneden-yana klan\u0131n yeniden ke\u015ffedili\u015fi de tarihte ayn\u0131 \u00f6neme sahiptir. Morgan\u2019\u0131n, ilk defa ailenin tarihini olu\u015fturmas\u0131na mahal vermi\u015ftir. Bu elbette ilksel toplumlar\u0131n ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7acakt\u0131r<\/em>[6]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels, daha sonra, \u2018anneden-yana klan\u0131,\u2019 \u2018bilimin tamam\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mihenk ta\u015f\u0131\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini sadece Lewis Morgan\u2019a dayand\u0131rmaz. Marx\u2019\u0131n 1844 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu notlar da onun i\u00e7in e\u015fit derecede \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r. 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Engels ve gen\u00e7 Marx, \u2018insan\u0131n insanla kurdu\u011fu dolays\u0131z, do\u011fal ve zorunlu ili\u015fkinin erke\u011fin kad\u0131nla kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu\u2019 ilan eder ve ekler, \u2018insan\u0131n genel anlamda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fczeyinin ne oldu\u011fu bu ili\u015fki \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilebilir[7]<\/a>\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Engels \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: \u2018Tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclen ilk s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tek-e\u015fli evlilikte erkek ve kad\u0131n aras\u0131nda geli\u015fen antagonizmad\u0131r ve ilk s\u0131n\u0131f tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc, erke\u011fin kad\u0131n \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Marx, Morgan\u2019\u0131n eserini ke\u015ffetti\u011finde, bunun, gen\u00e7li\u011finde sahip oldu\u011fu bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nde, <\/em>Marx ve Engels, ilksel kom\u00fcnizmi, akabinde m\u00fclkiyetin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyetin \u2018esas\u0131, ilk haliyle, anne ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n baban\u0131n k\u00f6lesi oldu\u011fu ailedir\u2019 [8]<\/a>. Engels\u2019in Ailenin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019ndeki fikirleri g\u00f6kten zembille inmemi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca Marx\u2019la birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00e7o\u011fu hi\u00e7 yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f veya tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f entellekt\u00fcel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morgan\u2019a g\u00f6re, b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi kad\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015ftirmi\u015f, daha \u00f6nceleri aralar\u0131nda kurulan ba\u011f\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6ncesinde kad\u0131nlar i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na bakar, i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc anneleriyle ve di\u011fer kad\u0131n akrabalar\u0131yla payla\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Bunu, olduk\u00e7a ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i geleneksel bir t\u00f6re m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca, kad\u0131n annesiyle ve k\u0131z karde\u015fleriyle ayn\u0131 evde ikamet ediyordu. \u00c7ocuklar, erkek akrabalar\u0131n deste\u011fiyle, annelerden, k\u0131zlardan ve k\u0131z karde\u015flerden ibaret bir konfederasyon taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftiriliyor; kad\u0131nlar, herhangi bir kocan\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 almas\u0131na veya onlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmas\u0131na mani olacak dayan\u0131\u015fma ve otoriteye b\u00f6ylece sahip oluyorlard\u0131. Bu anla\u015fmalarda, gev\u015fek bir \u2018evlilik\u2019 t\u00fcr\u00fc de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu ama kad\u0131n-evine ta\u015f\u0131nan kocalar\u0131n, gelinleri, kad\u0131nlara ait bu kom\u00fcnal evde ziyaret edeceklerini kabul etmeleri gerekiyordu. Hi\u00e7bir kad\u0131n kocas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk\u00fc olamaz veya al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclemezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morgan\u2019a g\u00f6re, bu ayarlama, \u2013ki teknik olarak \u2018anne-evinde ikamet\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r-  aslen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. O halde, ne oldu da nesilerdir s\u00fcren bu ayarlamalar de\u011fi\u015fti? Morgan\u2019a g\u00f6re, bu noktada en \u00f6nemli unsur, hayvanlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesidir. Hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olan bir adam, m\u00fcstakbel e\u015finin akrabalar\u0131yla pazarl\u0131k edip k\u0131zlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ineklerini ailesine vererek, k\u0131z\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilirdi. Eski anne-evinde ikamete dayal\u0131 sistemde, gelin, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ailedeki di\u011fer kad\u0131nlarla birlikte \u00fcstlenerek do\u011fdu\u011fu evde kalmakta \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fc, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n babas\u0131 sadece misafir olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n resme girmesi, genel olarak, anne-evinde ikametten baba-evinde ikamete ge\u00e7ilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f, \u2018evde kad\u0131n\u0131n ve annesinin rol\u00fcn\u00fc tersine \u00e7evirdi.\u2019 Morgan bunu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Sosyalist Parti\u2019sinin, Sosyalist \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin, \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u0130ttifak\u0131n\u0131n vs. herhangi bir \u00fcyesine gidin, Engels\u2019in anne soyundan gelen klan fikrini savunup savunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorun. Ne diyeceklerini bilemezler.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u00c7ocuklar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir klana mensuptu: kocas\u0131yla ya\u015famak i\u00e7in evinden \u00e7ekilip al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kocas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir klandan gelmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kocas\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131, m\u00fcnferit evinde kendi akrabalar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu yeni konumu, ortak meskende ya\u015faman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 soyun kad\u0131n \u00fczerinden aktar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan g\u00fc\u00e7 ve n\u00fcfusu bozma e\u011filimindeydi[9]<\/strong><\/a>.\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels, bu durumun siyasi etkisini ekler: \u2018Erkek evde de idareyi eline ald\u0131, kad\u0131n de\u011fersizle\u015ftirildi ve ailede sahip oldu\u011fu konum hizmetkara indirgendi, erke\u011fin \u015fehvetinin k\u00f6lesi ve salt \u00e7ocuk \u00fcretiminin arac\u0131 haline geldi.[10]<\/a>\u2019 Engels \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: \u2018Tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclen ilk s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tek-e\u015fli evlilikte erkek ve kad\u0131n aras\u0131nda geli\u015fen antagonizmad\u0131r ve ilk s\u0131n\u0131f tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc, erke\u011fin kad\u0131n \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019[11].<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Al\u00e7ak \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00fcnlerde pek az Marksistin savundu\u011fu kuram budur i\u015fte. Malinowski\u2019nin 1920\u2019lerde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksizm yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Resmi Sovyet kom\u00fcnizmi de bu kuramla s\u00f6zde uzla\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olsa, orada burada ondan bir iki bahsetse de onu geli\u015ftirmek veya ileri ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131. Bu arada, Bat\u0131da sola-e\u011filimli entellekt\u00fceller, bu paradigmay\u0131 hepten terketti. Bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 hala ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Sosyalist Parti\u2019sinin, Sosyalist \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin, \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u0130ttifak\u0131n\u0131n vs. herhangi bir \u00fcyesine gidin, Engels\u2019in anne soyundan gelen klan fikrini savunup savunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorun. Ne diyeceklerini bilemezler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

1880\u2019lerin ve 1890\u2019lar\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin neredeyse hepsi Morgan\u2019\u0131n kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu ya da bu vasf\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015fti. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar, Emile Durkheim ve Sigmund Freud gibi entellekt\u00fcel devler, anne soyundan gelen klan konusunda Morgan\u2019a kat\u0131lmaya devam etti. Sonra, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan hemen sonra, \u00fcniversitelerde yeni antropoloji disiplini birden u-d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapt\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Elbette, Engels\u2019in yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Belki de anne soyundan gelmenin \u00f6ncelikli oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcren kuran hepten yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belki de, gelenekleri soyun anne \u00fczerinden aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na dayanan Ilinois yerlilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015f ayinlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu t\u00f6relerden fazla etkilenmi\u015ftir. Belki de, bu yerlilerin gelene\u011fini, hatta miti kuram\u0131na dayanak olarak ele alm\u0131\u015f, insan tarihi \u00fczerine duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 haks\u0131z yere genele yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Morgan, durumu yanl\u0131\u015f anlad\u0131ysa, o halde Marksistler olarak bizler de bilime \u00f6ncelik vermeli, zaman\u0131 dolmu\u015f on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l dogmalar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lakin sol entellekt\u00fcellerin bu konuda biraz ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmas\u0131n\u0131 beklerdik do\u011frusu. Antropolojide aniden i\u015flerin b\u00f6yle tersine d\u00f6nmesini sorgulamalar\u0131 gerekmez miydi? 1880\u2019lerin ve 1890\u2019lar\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin neredeyse hepsi Morgan\u2019\u0131n kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu ya da bu vasf\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015fti. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar, Emile Durkheim ve Sigmund Freud gibi entellekt\u00fcel devler, anne soyundan gelen klan konusunda Morgan\u2019a kat\u0131lmaya devam etti. Sonra, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan hemen sonra, \u00fcniversitelerde yeni antropoloji disiplini birden u-d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapt\u0131. Marksistlerin \u2013asl\u0131nda herkesin- bundan biraz \u015f\u00fcphelenmesini beklemez miydiniz? B\u00f6ylesi bir de\u011fi\u015fimin arkas\u0131nda siyasi bir \u015feyler oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphelenemezler miydi? B\u00fct\u00fcn bu yeni solcu dergilerden, Althusser\u2019cilerden, postmodernlerden, kendilerine Marksist diyen bu pek moda entellekt\u00fcellerden hi\u00e7birinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p da bu fikre kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele vermemesi beni afallat\u0131yor. Bu g\u00fcne kadar, hi\u00e7 kimse en temel soruyu sormaya bile l\u00fczum g\u00f6rmemi\u015f: Morgan\u2019\u0131n ve Engels\u2019in her \u015feyi yanl\u0131\u015f anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ne gibi bulgular var elimizde?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Allen, n. J. H. Callan, R. Dunbar ve W. James (ed.) 2008, Early Human Kinship, Oxford: Blackwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Engels, Friedrich, 1972(1884) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.<\/em> New York: Pathfinder Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Harris, M. 1969. The Rise of Antropological Theory,<\/em> Londra: Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> Knight, C. 2008. Early human kinship was matrilineal. \u0130\u00e7inde N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar ve W. James (ed.) Early Human Kinship,<\/em> Oxford: Blackwell, ss. 61-82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Malinowski, B. 1956 [1931] Marriage: Past and Present. A debate between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski.<\/em> M. F. Ashley Montagu, ed.. Boston: Porter Sargent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Engels, F. 1972 [1891] Preface to the fourth edition. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.<\/em> New York: Pathfinder Press, pp. 27-38; p. 36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Marx, K. 2000 [1844] Economic and philosophical manuscripts. In D. McLellan ed, Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Second edition,<\/em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83-121. p. 96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Marx, K. and F. Engels, 2000 [1846] The German Ideology. In D. McLellan ed, Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Second edition,<\/em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 175-208. Al\u0131nt\u0131 185. sayfadand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Morgan, L. H. 1881. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines.<\/em> Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. s. 128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Engels, F. 1972 [1884] The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.<\/em> New York: Pathfinder Press. s. 68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> ibid<\/em>. s. 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7eviri 10 Nisan 2020 tarihinde Terrabayt.com sitesinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 ilk olarak \u015furada yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: https:\/\/terrabayt.com\/dusunce\/engels-hakliydi-ilk-insan-kabilelerinde-akrabalik-soyun-anneden-kizina-aktarilmasina-dayaniyordu-1\/<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk toplumsal kurum, \u00e7ekirdek aile de\u011fildi. Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, ilk toplumsal kurumun, kom\u00fcnist, kad\u0131n-merkezli klan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Engels 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda bunu ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan, y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, bu fikri reddedildi, \u00fcstelik kimi \u2018Marksistler\u2019 de bu reddin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Ancak son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Engels\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Krall\u0131k Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130lk \u0130nsanlarda Akrabal\u0131k ad\u0131…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2666,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[573],"class_list":["post-2665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-derleme","author-mor-dayanisma"],"authors":[{"term_id":573,"user_id":5,"is_guest":0,"slug":"mor-dayanisma","display_name":"Mor Dayan\u0131\u015fma","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/18b1bff8d2c98eaf6f87c388a27f2cfa.jpg?ver=1784033573","author_category":"1","first_name":"Mor","last_name":"Dayan\u0131\u015fma","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Contact<\/a>\r\n\r\ndayanismamor@gmail.com"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2665"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2665"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=2665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}