{"id":2412,"date":"2020-04-29T18:43:01","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T15:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mordayanisma.org\/?p=2412"},"modified":"2025-01-26T18:18:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T15:18:55","slug":"diyalektik-bir-feminizm-icin-gecmis-deneyimlere-odaklanmak-1917-ekim-devrimi-rabotnitsa-jenotyel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/2020\/04\/29\/diyalektik-bir-feminizm-icin-gecmis-deneyimlere-odaklanmak-1917-ekim-devrimi-rabotnitsa-jenotyel\/","title":{"rendered":"Diyalektik Bir Feminizm \u0130\u00e7in Ge\u00e7mi\u015f Deneyimlere Odaklanmak: 1917 Ekim Devrimi, Rabotnitsa, Jenotyel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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El Yazmalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n notu: 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dosya \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yazar\u0131m\u0131z Perihan Koca\u2019n\u0131n 1917 Devrimi s\u00fcrecinde ve sonras\u0131ndaki kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini inceledi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilgisine sunuyoruz.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Teoride ve pratikte, farkl\u0131 u\u00e7lara savrulmaya meyyal ikilikleri a\u015fmak i\u00e7in diyalektik bir feminizme duyulan ihtiya\u00e7, d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde y\u00fckselen ve g\u00fc\u00e7 biriktirerek ilerleyen kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin geldi\u011fi a\u015famada, daha da hissedilir durumda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kendine has \u00e7eli\u015fkileri, belirleyenleri ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn dinamikleri, i\u00e7erisine soludu\u011fumuz yeni d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama \u00f6ncesinde, patriyarkan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezlik pelerini alt\u0131na al\u0131narak, tarihin kurucu \u00f6znelerinden olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nan tarihine, patriyarka ile hesapla\u015farak yeniden bakmak gerek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resmi ideolojinin erkek tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131, tarihi yapan \u00f6zne rol\u00fcn\u00fc erkeklere y\u00fcklerken, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kolektif m\u00fccadele belle\u011fini erozyona u\u011frat\u0131p, hakikati alabildi\u011fine tasfiye etme yoluna gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelece\u011fi kurarken, ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 duran tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine oturtma g\u00f6revi ise, yine tarihin kurucu \u00f6znesi olan kad\u0131nlara, kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

O m\u00fcthi\u015f devrimin silikle\u015ftirilenleri kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tarihteki rol\u00fc olageldi, devrimin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Bol\u015fevik Partisi\u2019ndeki \u00f6nc\u00fc kad\u0131nlar \u201cbile\u201d, erkeklerin parantezine al\u0131n\u0131verdi. Partinin ve devrimin \u00f6nder kad\u0131nlar\u0131, erkeklerin \u201ce\u015fi, sevgilisi, metresi(!)\u201d diye tarihe yaz\u0131l\u0131verdi. Lakin, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tarihe \u00f6ylece \u201cyaz\u0131l\u0131verme\u201d halleri asla, tesad\u00fcf ya da m\u00fcnferit tarih yaz\u0131mlar\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1917 Ekim Devrimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sadece Rusya\u2019n\u0131n de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya tarihinin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftiren, sermaye-devlet-siyaset d\u00fczleminde t\u00fcm ideolojileri do\u011frudan etkileyen ve belirleyen tarih yap\u0131c\u0131 bir moment. \u00d6yle ki, d\u00fcnya sosyalist hareketi ve kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin de belirleyenleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda say\u0131s\u0131z spek\u00fclasyon, s\u00f6ylence ve ikilikleri de i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm \u201ckad\u0131n sorununu\u201d \u00e7\u00f6zecek mi? Kad\u0131nlar, sosyalizmle \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fecek mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem feminist hem de sosyalist harekette \u201chala\u201d en \u00e7ok sorulan ve verdi\u011fin cevaba g\u00f6re teori ve pratik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme hatt\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen g\u00fcncel bir soru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sorunun cevaplar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fenlerin en \u00e7ok bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer de hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz Ekim Devrimi ve akabinde ya\u015fananlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amma ve-lakin, sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131n aranaca\u011f\u0131 zemin, tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve tarihi okuma, g\u00f6rme, bakma bi\u00e7imleriyle de do\u011frudan ilintili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem 1905 Devrimi hem 1917 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131 hem de Ekim Devrimi\u2019nde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve m\u00fccadelelerinin olduk\u00e7a m\u00fchim bir yer tuttu\u011funun, hatta devrimin ana belirleyenleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek ba\u015flamak gerek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u00d6zc\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d yapmaktan m\u0131d\u0131r alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izme ihtiyac\u0131? Kat\u2019a!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira, Rusya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda siyasal ve toplumsal muhalefet m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve\/veya bilinir k\u0131l\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O m\u00fcthi\u015f devrimin silikle\u015ftirilenleri kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tarihteki rol\u00fc olageldi, devrimin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Bol\u015fevik Partisi\u2019ndeki \u00f6nc\u00fc kad\u0131nlar \u201cbile\u201d, erkeklerin parantezine al\u0131n\u0131verdi. Partinin ve devrimin \u00f6nder kad\u0131nlar\u0131, erkeklerin \u201ce\u015fi, sevgilisi, metresi(!)\u201d diye tarihe yaz\u0131l\u0131verdi. Lakin, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tarihe \u00f6ylece \u201cyaz\u0131l\u0131verme\u201d halleri asla, tesad\u00fcf ya da m\u00fcnferit tarih yaz\u0131mlar\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya sosyalist hareketlerini analiz etti\u011fimizde g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, hemen hepsinde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, Bol\u015feviklerde de kad\u0131n parti \u00fcyelerinin, kendi taleplerini parti g\u00fcndemine getirmek i\u00e7in bile amans\u0131zca m\u00fccadele etmeleri gerekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya rejiminde kad\u0131nlar, iktidar, din ve koca bask\u0131s\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc troykan\u0131n boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k despotik devlet gelene\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u00c7arl\u0131k iktidar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar, toplumda ve \u201caile\u201d i\u00e7erisinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haktan yoksundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemen hi\u00e7bir siyasal hakka sahip olmayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 11.7\u2019si okuma yazma biliyor, siyasal alan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, istihdam alanlar\u0131nda yer bulam\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayisi az geli\u015fmi\u015f geri bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00fclkesi olan \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131nda, devrim \u00f6ncesinde \u00fccretli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 5 milyondu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimi tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu ya da en fazla ev i\u015flerinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan alanlarda kendilerine yer bulabiliyorlard\u0131. O d\u00f6nem ar\u015fivlerine g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 55 oran\u0131nda toprak beylerinin yan\u0131nda g\u00fcndelik\u00e7i\/hizmet\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, vas\u0131fs\u0131z, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli ve a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u015fta tekstil ve konfeksiyon olmak \u00fczere y\u00fczde 13\u2019\u00fc sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamusal alan\u0131n kad\u0131nlara kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 gibi, \u00f6zel alan\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7etrefilli sorunlar\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n omuzlar\u0131nda birikiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Rusya\u2019da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun maddi temeli, \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sorunu ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k iktidar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki devrimci hareketlerde kad\u0131nlar yok muydu peki?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette varlard\u0131 ve \u00c7arl\u0131k despotizminin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda son derece \u00f6nemli m\u00fccadele deneyimleri ile var oldular. Narodniklerden, anar\u015fistlere, sosyal devrimcilerden, Men\u015feviklere, Bol\u015feviklere, Rusya\u2019daki hemen her devrimci hareket i\u00e7erisinde varl\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu kad\u0131nlar; ancak daha \u00e7ok varl\u0131kl\u0131 ailelerden gelen ayd\u0131n kad\u0131nlar vard\u0131 ilkin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadele eylemleri y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e, yine bu eylemlerin i\u00e7inde ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131k.
1872\u2019de Moskova\u2019da, 1874\u2019te Petersburg\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i eylemleri; 1895\u2019te Petersburg\u2019da sigara fabrikas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, 1896\u2019da, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin grevi tarihe yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli m\u00fccadele anlar\u0131ndand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u0131llar, Rusya devrimci hareketi tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir momentti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira, ba\u015fta Bat\u0131 Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, orayla etkile\u015fim halindeki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketi b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu ve ilk Marksist \u00f6rg\u00fctler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Rusya\u2019da devrimci m\u00fccadelenin ilk \u00f6zneleri Plekhanov\u2019un \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki ilk ku\u015fak oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1895\u2019te Lenin\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulan \u201cPetersburg \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u0130\u00e7in M\u00fccadele Birli\u011fi\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc y\u00f6netiminde, daha az say\u0131da da olsa Nadejda Krupskaya gibi kad\u0131nlar vard\u0131.
1890\u2019lardan itibaren yerel \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde de kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1896\u2019da Petersburg tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ileri, ana talebi i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131salmas\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grev \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015f ve greve \u00e7o\u011fu kad\u0131n 30 bin tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Grev, \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi geri ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f, hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rman\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini 11,5 saatle k\u0131s\u0131tlayan bir yasa \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015feviklerin \u201cKad\u0131n Sorununa\u201d Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015feviklerin kad\u0131n sorununa ili\u015fkin ilk siyasi resmi tav\u0131rlar\u0131, 1890\u2019dan itibaren geli\u015fen i\u015f\u00e7i grevleri deneyimlerinin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak, 1900\u2019de Nadejda Krupskaya\u2019n\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 ve taleplerini konu alan \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i olarak Kad\u0131n\u201d bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu bro\u015f\u00fcrden sonra, kad\u0131n sorununa ili\u015fkin Marksist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi ikinci \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise Alexandra Kollantay\u2019\u0131n 1908\u2019de kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKad\u0131n Sorunun Sosyal Temelleri\u201d kitab\u0131 idi.
1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Rusya Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin (RSD\u0130P) tarihe Men\u015fevik-Bol\u015fevik ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan ge\u00e7ecek olan 1903 Kongresinde kabul edilen parti program\u0131nda \u201ckad\u0131nlarla erkeklerin tam e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d ve \u201ckad\u0131n eme\u011finin kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131na dair talepler\u201d de 1919 y\u0131l\u0131na dek Bol\u015feviklerin program\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1905 ve 1917 devrim momentlerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n rol\u00fc tarih yap\u0131c\u0131 bir rol olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1905-1907 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Bol\u015fevikler, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcterek, i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n taleplerinin y\u00fckseltildi\u011fi toplant\u0131lar, mitingler, organize ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir yenilgi d\u00f6nemiyle sonu\u00e7lanacak olan 1905 devriminin dersleri ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duran herkesi bir bi\u00e7imde e\u011fiten bir okul g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, kolektif bir k\u0131r\u0131lma e\u015fi\u011fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r Romanov ailesi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki despotik \u00c7ar rejiminin taviz vermek zorunda kalmas\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan Duma, (Parlamento, Meclis) her ne kadar me\u015fruti monar\u015fiye bile tam ge\u00e7i\u015f olamam\u0131\u015f olsa dahi, legalite ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n, siyasalla\u015fma dalgas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemliydi.
Ki, 1905 Devrimiyle gelen yeni d\u00f6nemde, t\u00fcm toplumsal dinamiklerin s\u00f6z konusu siyasalla\u015fma dalgas\u0131ndan nasibini alarak harekete ge\u00e7ti\u011fi gibi, Rusya co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve birinci dalga feminist hareketin talepleriyle kendini var eden Rusya\u2019daki kad\u0131n hareketinin de bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten do\u011frudan etkilendi\u011fi ve hareket halinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, 1905 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, RSD\u0130P\u2019in kad\u0131n \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde 15\u2019ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine \u00f6rne\u011fin; ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Men\u015fevikler ve Bol\u015feviklerin de dahil oldu\u011fu, bir\u00e7ok devrimci \u00e7evrenin de i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu, siyasal olarak Kadetlere yak\u0131n olan \u201cKad\u0131n\u0131n Hak E\u015fitli\u011fi Birli\u011fi\u201d 1905 \u015eubat\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftu. Bu birlik i\u00e7erisinde hareket eden ve ideolojik sebeplerle birlikten ayr\u0131larak kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik siyasi kad\u0131n kul\u00fcpleri kurmaya y\u00f6nelen Bol\u015fevik Anna Gurevi\u00e7 ve Men\u015fevik Margarita Margulies yeni d\u00f6neme etki edecek olan siyasal kad\u0131n kul\u00fcplerinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken isimler oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde, Aleksandra Kollantay, 1907\u2019de kurulan \u201cKad\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Derne\u011fi\u201dnin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturacak olan \u201cTekstil \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birli\u011fi\u201dnde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. 1908 bahar\u0131nda Petersburg\u2019da t\u00fcm Rusya Kad\u0131nlar Kongresi\u2019nin haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Kollantay bu kongre s\u00fcrecini partide g\u00fcndemle\u015ftirerek,  i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tekstil \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birli\u011fi ve Sendikalar Merkez B\u00fcrosu\u2019na dayanarak \u00f6zel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O arada, ba\u015fta kad\u0131n kul\u00fcpleri olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm siyasal giri\u015fimler, gericilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Stolypin h\u00fckm\u00fcyle kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stolypin gericili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (1907-1912) tekrar illegal ko\u015fullara d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc ve parti t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yeralt\u0131na \u00e7ekilmek durumunda kald\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde Bol\u015fevik kad\u0131n \u00f6nderlerin kimisi tutukland\u0131, kimisi s\u00fcrg\u00fcne gitti. Partinin kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme organlar\u0131 ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ilk tohumlar\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi a\u011f\u0131r ve zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

1917 Mart\u2019\u0131nda, Bol\u015fevik Vera Slutskaya\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0\u00a0inisiyatifiyle, i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda bir ajitasyon-propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma b\u00fcrosu olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Bu kad\u0131n b\u00fcrosu, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik fabrika toplant\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenliyor, sava\u015fa ve pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kitlesel kad\u0131n mitingleri \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyordu.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Rabotnitsa (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131n Gazetesi)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak ilan edilen 1913 8 Mart\u2019\u0131nda, Rusya\u2019da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n taleplerinin bayrakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitlesel toplant\u0131lar ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler organize edilmi\u015f, buna i\u00e7kin olarak Bol\u015feviklerin gazetesi Pravda\u2019n\u0131n 8 Mart say\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00f6zel say\u0131da, ba\u015fta Kollantay, Krupskaya ve Armand olmak \u00fczere Bol\u015fevik hareketin \u00f6nde gelen kad\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7arist Rusya\u2019daki kad\u0131n eylemliliklerinin politik mahiyeti \u00fczerine makaleler yazmaya koyulmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel say\u0131 hasebiyle Pravda\u2019ya kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fan mektuplardan edinilen siyasal iklim \u00fczerine, yeni bir Bol\u015fevik kad\u0131n gazetesi \u00e7\u0131karma fikri geli\u015fmi\u015f ve Bol\u015feviklerin kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik ilk gazetesi, Rabotnitsa\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131n) ilk say\u0131s\u0131 8 Mart 1914\u2019te Petersburg\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazetenin yaz\u0131 kurulunda Bol\u015fevik \u00f6nc\u00fc kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan isimler yer al\u0131yordu: Nadejda Krupskaya, \u0130nesa Armand, Elizarova Ulyanova, Konkordiya Samoilova ve Kavdiya Nikoleva. Rabotnitsa gazetesinin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1914 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 8 Mart\u2019\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda, b\u00fcy\u00fck 8 Mart y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ana denk gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki, Rabotnitsa\u2019n\u0131n tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz be\u015f ay sonra, 1914 yaz\u0131nda 1. Emperyalist D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesiyle birlikte, her \u015fey sekteye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, kad\u0131n gazetesi de bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten nasibini alarak, t\u00fcm devrimci bas\u0131nla birlikte kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1905 devriminin yenilmesi ard\u0131na, 1907\u2019den 1914\u2019e ya\u015fanan siyasal, toplumsal geli\u015fmeler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n nesnel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n belirleyici unsurlar\u0131 olmu\u015f, ancak 1917 devrimine giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te bu d\u00f6nemin ana belirleyeni \u201csava\u015f\u201d olgusu olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015fla birlikte hi\u00e7bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu yerde kalmam\u0131\u015f, ideolojik politik pozisyon al\u0131\u015flar bu s\u00fcrecin ana rotas\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7 kapitalistle\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclke olan Rusya\u2019da burjuvazi c\u0131l\u0131z durumdayd\u0131, 1906 y\u0131l\u0131yla birlikte Stolypin\u2019in sanayile\u015fme hamleleri h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketine ciddi bir durgunluk getiren gericilik d\u00f6neminden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, 1912 Lena maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin greviyle birlikte gelmi\u015fti ve bu grevle birlikte yeni bir direni\u015f d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. 1914\u2019e varana kadar s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi yeniden y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve ama sava\u015f olgusunun \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 her \u015feyin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini de sekteye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, 1914 sava\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcthi\u015f bir milliyet\u00e7ilik dalgas\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015f, Rusya\u2019daki t\u00fcm erkekler seferberlik ilanlar\u0131yla sava\u015fa \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. Erkeklerin topyek\u00fcn sava\u015f birliklerine al\u0131nmas\u0131 e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak sanayi de dahil t\u00fcm istihdam alanlar\u0131na kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesini getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda Rusya\u2019daki devrimci hareketleri \u201csavunmac\u0131lar\u201d ve \u201centernasyonalistler\u201d olarak iki kampa ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, uluslararas\u0131 alanda II. Enternasyonal ve Rusya\u2019da Men\u015fevikler, anavatan savunuculu\u011funa ve \u015fovenizme batarken, Bol\u015fevikler ise hem Rusya\u2019da hem de uluslararas\u0131 alanda emperyalist sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131z kalmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya tutundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u015feviklerin anavatan savunuculu\u011fu kamp\u0131nda tuttuklar\u0131 pozisyon, devrimci hareketin \u00f6nemli kad\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Kollantay\u2019\u0131n Bol\u015feviklerin saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine neden olmu\u015ftu. Bol\u015feviklerin emperyalist sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 tutunduklar\u0131 tav\u0131r ayn\u0131 zamanda, i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131n deste\u011fini kazanmakta \u00f6nemli bir pozisyon al\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira 1917 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, 1915\u2019ten itibaren al\u0131nan cephe yenilgileriyle, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131lda iki milyon kay\u0131p verilmi\u015f, derinle\u015fen ekonomik kriz ko\u015fullar\u0131yla da birlikte, sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 nefret duygusu her g\u00fcn daha da geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ekonomik kriz ve sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131ml\u0131 eylemler ekonomik ve siyasal taleplerle birlikte y\u00fckseliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k rejimini y\u0131k\u0131p, ikili bir iktidar ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan, 1917 \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 fi\u015fe\u011fi de yine Bol\u015feviklerin Petrograd Komitesi\u2019nin Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya yan\u0131t veren geni\u015f emek\u00e7i kad\u0131n kesimlerinin 1917 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 8 Mart\u0131\u2019nda patlayan (eski Rus takviminde 23 \u015eubat) eylemsellikler olmu\u015ftu.
\u015eubat Devrimi ard\u0131na, bir yanda Kerenski\u2019nin ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve burjuvazinin iktidar\u0131, bir yanda i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker Sovyetlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Bol\u015fevikler \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ktidar Sovyetlere\u201d \u015fiar\u0131yla iktidar\u0131 alma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu. Kerenski\u2019nin Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmeti i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7i kitlelere vaatlerinin hemen hi\u00e7birini yerine getirmemi\u015f, sava\u015f ve kriz olgusuna tutunarak t\u00fcm ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin karakteristi\u011finde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, ertelemeci politikalarla, eskinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aynen korunmas\u0131na tutunmu\u015f vaziyetteydi, ne Kurucu Meclis ne tar\u0131m reformu talebi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti, cephedeki huzursuzluk ve derinle\u015fen a\u00e7l\u0131k ve sefalet de cabas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 Mart\u2019\u0131nda, Bol\u015fevik Vera Slutskaya\u2019n\u0131n  inisiyatifiyle, i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda bir ajitasyon-propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma b\u00fcrosu olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Bu kad\u0131n b\u00fcrosu, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik fabrika toplant\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenliyor, sava\u015fa ve pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kitlesel kad\u0131n mitingleri \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyordu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131, Duma se\u00e7imlerinde,  Sovyetler ve Kurucu Meclis se\u00e7imlerinde Bol\u015fevik adaylar\u0131 desteklemeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran kampanyalar d\u00fczenliyordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde Moskova hatt\u0131nda da \u0130nessa Armand\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011findeki bir grup Bol\u015fevik de, Petersburg\u2019daki kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma b\u00fcrosunun faaliyetlerine benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Moskova\u2019da \u201cSlisu Rabotnitsa\u201d (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131n\u0131n Ya\u015fam\u0131) adl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n gazetesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Petrograd\u2019da patlayan 5 bin kad\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir ay s\u00fcren ve zaferle sonu\u00e7lanan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhane grevi 1917 devrim g\u00fcnlerinde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti. Bol\u015fevikler bu s\u00fcrecin i\u00e7inde ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer alm\u0131\u015f, Bol\u015fevik kad\u0131n \u00f6nderler grevin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ana ajitat\u00f6rler olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bug\u00fcnlerde, sava\u015fla gelen gerici politikalar sonucu kapat\u0131lan Rabotnitsa (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n) gazetesi tekrar tarih sahnesindeki yerini alm\u0131\u015f ve yeniden \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nem Rabotnitsa\u2019n\u0131n i\u015flevi olduk\u00e7a kritikti, sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 enternasyonalizmi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan bir kampanyan\u0131n merkezi arac\u0131 olarak,  kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i toplant\u0131lar\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yap\u0131yor, sava\u015f\u0131 ve pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorguluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde partinin i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n komisyonlar\u0131, kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma b\u00fcrolar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan ilk \u201cPartisiz \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131\u201d, Ekim Devrimi\u2019nden hemen \u00f6nce, 80 bin kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iyi temsilen gelen 800 delege kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan Petrograd\u2019da d\u00fczenlendi. Bu konferans\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde de Rabotnitsa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir i\u015flevi oldu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 siyasalla\u015ft\u0131rma ve devrime, sosyalizme davet etme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan o y\u0131llarda 14.5 milyon tiraj\u0131yla olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir kesime hitap eden kritik bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme arac\u0131yd\u0131 Rabotnitsa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenotyel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ekim Devrimi\u2019ne giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Rabotnitsa gibi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir di\u011fer \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme arac\u0131 ise, parti \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n komisyonlar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu komisyonlar, 1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan sosyalist toplumun in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde, kad\u0131n politikalar\u0131n\u0131n esas belirleyeni olacak olan kad\u0131n b\u00fcrolar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kollar\u0131na \u201cJenotyel\u201d ad\u0131 verildi. Jenotyel, partiden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, \u00f6zerk bir kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc de\u011fildi, partinin ideolojik politik \u00e7izgisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde partinin kad\u0131n organ\u0131 \u015feklinde hareket eden \u201ckad\u0131n kollar\u0131 komisyonu\u201d idi daha ziyade. Ancak etki alan\u0131 partili kad\u0131nlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi, tersine etraf\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist parti \u00fcyesi olmayan kitlesel bir kad\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenotyeller, geni\u015f kad\u0131n kitlelerinin, yeni bir toplumun, sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131na, parti \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00e7ekilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece merkezi bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00fcss\u00fc idi ve bu do\u011frultuda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor, i\u00e7kin olarak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 sovyetlere, sendika ve kooperatiflere davet ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenotyeller, y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r toplumun t\u00fcm n\u00fcvelerine sirayet etmi\u015f olan \u00c7arist gelene\u011fin feodal erkek egemen zihniyetinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, davran\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6rme bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ediyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla son derece zorlu ve \u00e7etrefilli bir m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yeni bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n temellerini in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131yordu. Erkekler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu amans\u0131z m\u00fccadelesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fcthi\u015f bir kara propaganda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor, Jenotyellere, Cinotyel (Cin Kolu) ad\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak, bu yeni in\u015fa s\u00fcrecine s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenotyel, 1917 Bol\u015fevik Devrimi\u2019nin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc idi. Devrimin hemen akabinde ilan edilen \u201ckad\u0131n\u0131n her alanda hak e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d yasas\u0131ndan, e\u015fit i\u015fe e\u015fit \u00fccret, 8 saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc, hukuk \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik, bo\u015fanma hakk\u0131, \u00fccretsiz, yasal k\u00fcrtaj hakk\u0131 gibi ard\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan kararnamelerle at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar\u0131n ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmesi m\u00fccadelesinin garantisiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimin ilk haftalar\u0131nda evlilik ve bo\u015fanma i\u015fleri dini kurumlar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nd\u0131, ard\u0131ndan anne ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n devletin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131na girmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemelere gidildi, do\u011fum izni ve emzirme hakk\u0131yla ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 Devrimi, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hak kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli hamleleri beraberinde getiriyordu, ancak bu haklar\u0131 yerle\u015fik hale getirmek hi\u00e7 de kolay de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu do\u011frultuda, Jenotyel, bir yol haritas\u0131 \u00e7izerek \u00f6ncelikle kad\u0131nlara devrimle birlikte gelen yasalarla getirilen kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kendine misyon edindi. E\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren okuma-yazma kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcretime \u00e7ekilmesi g\u00fcndemlerini ana g\u00fcndemi olarak belirledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda okur-yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kampanyas\u0131 zengin ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 taktiklerle, kitlesel bir m\u00fccadele olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n her b\u00f6lgesindeki kad\u0131n kitlelerine ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in ilkin \u201cajitasyon trenleri\u201d, \u201cajitasyon arabalar\u0131\u201d \u201cajitasyon gemileri\u201d gibi kampanya ara\u00e7lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilerek, ya\u015fam\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in okuma-yazma kurslar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczlerce halk\u0131n ve inanc\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda her kesimden kad\u0131na ula\u015fmak da kolay olmuyordu, bu ba\u011flamda kad\u0131n b\u00fcrolar\u0131 kad\u0131nlara ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntemi deniyordu, eskinin gelenek\u00e7i kodlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi b\u00f6lgelerde Jenotyeller, \u201ckad\u0131n bakkallar\u0131\u201d a\u00e7ma yoluna gitmi\u015flerdi. Kad\u0131n bakkallar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, daha fazla kad\u0131na temas etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jenotyeller ayn\u0131 zamanda son derece geni\u015f kad\u0131n kitleleri i\u00e7erisinde g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreterek e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel seferberlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, kad\u0131n toplant\u0131lar\u0131, konferans ve mitingleriyle, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n politik geli\u015fimi ve y\u00f6netim organlar\u0131na yeti\u015ftirilmesinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynad\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminde hemen hi\u00e7bir siyasal ve toplumsal hakka sahip olmayan kad\u0131nlar, 1920\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde be\u015f y\u00fcz bin kad\u0131n delege, konferans delegesi g\u00f6revi yapm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131, 1930\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde Sovyetler i\u00e7erisinde yar\u0131m milyona yak\u0131n kad\u0131n, idari i\u015flerde g\u00f6rev al\u0131yor, y\u00f6netici konumunda yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Do\u011frusal evrimci bir sosyalist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla devrimin t\u00fcm negatif mefhumlar\u0131n\u0131 sadece Stalin rejimine ba\u011flamak da ba\u015fka k\u00f6r bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furacakt\u0131r. Zira Stalin d\u00f6neminin zaaflar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc\u00a0kendisiyle gelen d\u00f6nemle birlikte ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, o zaaflar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc daha gerilerdedir, yani patriyarkan\u0131n ta kendisindedir.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevikler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ev i\u00e7i eme\u011fi ve bak\u0131m eme\u011fi meselesinde, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc esas olarak ev i\u015flerinin toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na odaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131n pratik ad\u0131mlar\u0131 olarak, ortak yemekhaneler, lokantalar, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhaneler, kamusal \u00e7ocuk kre\u015fleri, bak\u0131m merkezleri vs. kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ev i\u00e7i eme\u011fi toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak, bak\u0131m i\u015flerini erkek ve kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin e\u015fit temelde \u00fcstlenece\u011fi \u00fccretli ve nitelikli i\u015f tan\u0131m\u0131na do\u011fru gidilmek istendi. Yeni bir toplumun in\u015fas\u0131nda ev i\u015flerinin toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 mekanlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemli ve olmazsa olmaz politikalard\u0131 ama mesele kamusal alandaki in\u015fa s\u00fcreciyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi ve salt oraya da indirgenemezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201ckamusal yemek hizmetleri, bak\u0131m odalar\u0131, kre\u015fler\u2026 Burada bunun \u00f6rneklerini sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz\u201d ama kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kurtulu\u015funun sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda bu pratik politikalar \u201chi\u00e7 de abart\u0131l\u0131, muazzam, eri\u015filmez olmayan basit g\u00fcndelik \u00f6nlemlerdir\u201d diyordu. Ve ekliyordu \u201ceski efendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 en son, en ince k\u00f6k\u00fcne kadar kurutmal\u0131y\u0131z; partide ve kitleler i\u00e7inde.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evet, i\u015fte aynen \u00f6yle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira, i\u015f sadece yasalar ilan etmek ve kamusal alanda toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rma ad\u0131mlar\u0131 atmakla bitmiyordu, devrim sihirli bir de\u011fnek de\u011fildi, patriyarkan\u0131n temelleri \u00e7ok k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahipti. Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri oldu\u011fu yerde duruyordu, \u00f6zel alan\u0131n yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve denetimi de bir o kadar \u00f6nemli idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. y\u00fczy\u0131l feminist ve sosyalist hareketlerinde de halihaz\u0131rda en \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fma ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ev eme\u011fi hususunda, ilk pratik ad\u0131mlar\u0131 atm\u0131\u015f olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi deneyimi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin tarihine d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ev i\u00e7i eme\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, 60\u2019lar\u0131n sonu 70\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren ikinci dalga feminizmin ilk tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 teorik ba\u015fl\u0131klardan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda sorun alanlar\u0131ndan biri olagelmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00fcndemin tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 bile feminizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli bir alan a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r elbette. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda feminist hareketin somut politika ve talep \u00fcretmekte de en zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan birini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur bu g\u00fcndem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ev eme\u011fi sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne yakla\u015f\u0131mda, iki u\u00e7lu bir durum tahlili \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Ya \u00f6zel alan\u0131n \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm\u00fcyle atlayarak, salt toptanc\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ev i\u015flerinin toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 savunan ya da toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve prati\u011fini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyip, d\u0131\u015flayarak meselenin esas olarak \u00f6zel alan\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilece\u011fini savunan ideolojik politik iki z\u0131t, indirgemeci bak\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi deneyiminin dersleri, bug\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7o\u011fu \u015feyi tarihin i\u00e7inde teyit etti asl\u0131nda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimin kurucu \u00f6znesi olan kad\u0131nlar, 1917 Bol\u015fevik Devrimiyle birlikte kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun maddi temellerini yeni bir toplum in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7inde amans\u0131z bir m\u00fccadeleyle kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak \u00f6zellikle 1930\u2019larla birlikte kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli gerek\u00e7elerle budanmaya ba\u015flanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lan haklar\u0131n, 1930\u2019lardan itibaren budanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, 1920\u2019lerle birlikte tek siyasal y\u00f6netim kurumu olarak SBKP\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Jenotyel de dahil t\u00fcm kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin, derneklerin kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, 1930\u2019lardan itibaren bo\u015fanma, k\u00fcrtaj yasaklar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fi, en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorumlusu olsa da tek ba\u015f\u0131na Stalin rejimine, Stalin y\u00f6netimiyle birlikte a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan parti b\u00fcrokrasisine ba\u011flanamaz. (Stalin rejiminde kad\u0131n politikalar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca ve kapsaml\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu olmakla birlikte\u2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"-\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n budanmas\u0131, cinsiyet k\u00f6r\u00fc ve hatta daha da \u00f6tesinde erkek bir sosyalist  politik bak\u0131\u015fa gidi\u015fte, Stalin rejiminin yap\u0131p ettikleri son derece ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ve ba\u015fat akt\u00f6r konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak ne var ki, do\u011frusal evrimci bir sosyalist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla devrimin t\u00fcm negatif mefhumlar\u0131n\u0131 sadece Stalin rejimine ba\u011flamak da ba\u015fka k\u00f6r bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furacakt\u0131r. Zira Stalin d\u00f6neminin zaaflar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc kendisiyle gelen d\u00f6nemle birlikte ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, o zaaflar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc daha gerilerdedir, yani patriyarkan\u0131n ta kendisindedir. Patriyarkay\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak analiz edememe, \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmama ve ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ona kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi de \u00f6zerk bir anlama, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ve g\u00fcce kavu\u015fturmamad\u0131r esas sorun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131nda patriyarka ve kapitalizmin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve ama d\u0131\u015farlak ve indirgemeci olmayan tahlilleri son derece \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc teorik bak\u0131\u015f pratik in\u015fay\u0131 belirleyen ana unsurdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm kendisinin tarihinden \u00e7ok daha eskilere dayanan patriyarkay\u0131 tasfiye etmez onu i\u00e7ererek devral\u0131r ve kendisini de patriyarkan\u0131n temelleri \u00fczerine kurar. \u00dcretimin yeniden \u00fcretimden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, patriyarkan\u0131n kapitalizme sundu\u011fu olanaklar temelinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Patriyarka ile kapitalizm \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma eksenlerine ra\u011fmen, tarihsel bir s\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7inde, bir yandan birbirini \u015fekillendirirken bir yandan da kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcl dinamikleriyle birlikte var olur ve hareket ederler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim devrimiyle birlikte patriyarka da patriyarkan\u0131n dayanaklar\u0131 da ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Siyasette ve toplumda ataerkinin \u00e7e\u015fitli unsurlar\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131 devredeydi. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tarihsel \u00f6zg\u00fcl ezilmi\u015flik bi\u00e7imleri s\u00f6z konusuydu. Ve kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun maddi temelleri patriyarkaya ve kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve birlikte verilecek m\u00fccadele ile in\u015fa olacakt\u0131. Yani, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi deneyiminden de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere \u201csosyalizm gelince \u201ckad\u0131n sorunu\u201d \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyecekti, sosyalizm kad\u0131n sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde ancak ve ancak bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful olabilir.Ve her ne kadar sosyalizm deneyimleri \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ele\u015ftirilere tabi tutuluyor olsa da, her durumda Rusya\u2019daki sosyalist deneyimde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131, kapitalizmin parlak g\u00f6sterisinden \u00e7ok daha fazla \u015fey verdi kad\u0131nlara\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 ilk olarak \u015furada yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: https:\/\/elyazmalari.com\/2020\/03\/20\/diyalektik-bir-feminizm-icin-gecmis-deneyimlere-odaklanmak-1917-ekim-devrimi-rabotnitsa-jenotyel\/<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El Yazmalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n notu: 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dosya \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yazar\u0131m\u0131z Perihan Koca\u2019n\u0131n 1917 Devrimi s\u00fcrecinde ve sonras\u0131ndaki kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini inceledi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilgisine sunuyoruz. Teoride ve pratikte, farkl\u0131 u\u00e7lara savrulmaya meyyal ikilikleri a\u015fmak i\u00e7in diyalektik bir feminizme duyulan ihtiya\u00e7, d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde y\u00fckselen ve g\u00fc\u00e7 biriktirerek ilerleyen kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin geldi\u011fi a\u015famada, daha…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2413,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1255],"class_list":["post-2412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-derleme","author-perihan-koca"],"authors":[{"term_id":1255,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"perihan-koca","display_name":"Perihan Koca","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/23494c9101089ad44ae88ce9d2f56aac.jpg?ver=1784192493","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2412"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2412\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2412"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=2412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}