\ud83d\udcf7: IWRM AIO SIDS<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toprak; yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam\u0131n temeli, milyonlarca insan\u0131n ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahip. Ancak kapitalist\/emperyalist politikalar sonucu do\u011fal kaynaklar gasp ediliyor, toprak e\u015fitsizli\u011fi derinle\u015fiyor, k\u0131rsal yoksullukta ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011finde ise art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Topra\u011fa eri\u015fim ve toprak \u00fczerindeki kontrol, devletlerle \u015firketlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uzun s\u00fcreli ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, bask\u0131 ve m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle yeniden bi\u00e7imlendiriliyor. Kalk\u0131nma, enerji ihtiyac\u0131, altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 veya ye\u015fil d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm1<\/a><\/sup> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli arazilere el konuluyor. Toprak ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p bir yat\u0131r\u0131m nesnesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e k\u00f6yler, ormanlar, nehirler ve k\u0131y\u0131lar \u015firketlerle devletlerin ortak sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130nsanlar ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerden yaln\u0131zca sava\u015flarla de\u011fil; maden ruhsatlar\u0131, barajlar, boru hatlar\u0131, otoyollar, acele kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar, rezerv alan uygulamalar\u0131 ve koruma ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen el koymalarla da kopar\u0131l\u0131yor.2<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Toprak hakk\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclkiyet meselesi de\u011fil. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, patriyarkal kapitalist d\u00fczenin \u00fcretti\u011fi yoksulla\u015ft\u0131rmaya kar\u015f\u0131 bir ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 siyaseti de kuruyor. Akbelen\u2019de, Cerattepe\u2019de, \u0130kizdere\u2019de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fey, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7evre m\u00fccadeleleri de\u011fil. Bunlar, topra\u011f\u0131 ve suyu kolektif bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olarak savunanlarla, onlar\u0131 k\u00e2r nesnesine \u00e7eviren kapitalizmin aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yerel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri. Ayn\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 Latin Amerika\u2019dan Afrika\u2019ya, G\u00fcney Asya\u2019dan Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Her y\u0131l \u00e7ok say\u0131da toprak ve \u00e7evre savunucusu, ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehdit ediliyor, g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131yor, kriminalize ediliyor ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.3<\/a><\/sup> Bu yaz\u0131, yaln\u0131zca tek tek kad\u0131nlar\u0131n cesaretini anlatmay\u0131 de\u011fil, onlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddetin arkas\u0131ndaki ortak sistemi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc farkl\u0131 k\u0131talarda, farkl\u0131 dilleri konu\u015farak ve farkl\u0131 m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri kullanarak direnen bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ayn\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler bulunuyor: Topraklar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren \u015firketler, \u015firketlerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an devletler ve bu d\u00fczeni koruyan g\u00fcvenlik ayg\u0131tlar\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r ormanlar\u0131n, zeytinliklerin, meralar\u0131n, derelerin ve k\u00f6ylerin savunulmas\u0131nda m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Akbelen Orman\u0131\u2019nda maden sahas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesine ve acele kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen direni\u015f de bu m\u00fccadelelerden biri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Esra I\u015f\u0131k\u2019\u0131n Akbelen\u2019deki direni\u015f nedeniyle g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tutuklanmas\u0131, ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l kriminalize edildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.4<\/a><\/sup> Akbelen\u2019de savunulan yaln\u0131zca belirli say\u0131da a\u011fa\u00e7tan olu\u015fan bir orman de\u011fil. Zeytinlikler, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim, k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ku\u015faklardan devral\u0131nan bilgi ve gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131n ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 savunuluyor.5<\/a><\/sup> Fakat, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemesi, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bilirki\u015fi ke\u015ffi s\u0131ras\u0131nda itirazlar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmesi dahi cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilecek bir eylem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Benzer bir m\u00fccadele Artvin Cerattepe\u2019de y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Nur Ne\u015fe Karahan ve Ye\u015fil Artvin Derne\u011fi, Cerattepe\u2019nin yaln\u0131zca bir maden rezervi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Artvin\u2019in i\u00e7me suyu kaynaklar\u0131, ormanlar\u0131 ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fiyle ya\u015fam\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu m\u00fccadeleleriyle g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyor.6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Rize \u0130kizdere\u2019de de ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131 projesine kar\u015f\u0131 direnen kad\u0131nlar acele kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya, jandarma m\u00fcdahalesine ve \u015firket bask\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen y\u0131llarca k\u00f6ylerini savundu.7<\/a><\/sup> Kaz Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda, Hac\u0131bekirler ve Yan\u0131klar k\u00f6ylerinde kad\u0131nlar ise madencili\u011fin topra\u011fa, suya ve tar\u0131msal ya\u015fama verece\u011fi zarara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu direni\u015flerde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fil. Suya eri\u015fimin zorla\u015fmas\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin ortadan kalkmas\u0131, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kaybedilmesi ve insanlar\u0131n yerlerinden edilmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiliyor. Ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bak\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131rken ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvencesizliklerini de derinle\u015ftiriyor. Yani, kad\u0131nlar yaln\u0131zca \u00e7evreyi korumuyor; kendi ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131, topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ve birbirleriyle kurduklar\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerini de savunuyor.8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Orta Amerika \u00fclkesi Honduras\u2019ta ya\u015fayan Lenca halk\u0131 i\u00e7in Gualcarque yaln\u0131zca bir nehir de\u011fildi. Nehir, toplulu\u011fun ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve manevi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n da bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Gualcarque Nehri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan Agua Zarca hidroelektrik baraj\u0131 bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca teknik bir enerji projesi de\u011fil, Lenca halk\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir sald\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Berta C\u00e1ceres, baraj projesine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan direni\u015fin \u00f6nderlerinden biriydi. Yerel halk, baraj\u0131n in\u015faat sahas\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren etkili bir fiziksel abluka kurdu. Direni\u015f ve olu\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131 sonucunda projenin erken d\u00f6nem y\u00fcklenicilerinden \u00c7in devlet \u015firketi Sinohydro projeden \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Agua Zarca projesi tamamlanamad\u0131 ve fiilen durdu. Ancak \u015firketlerin ve devletin bask\u0131s\u0131 sona ermedi. Berta, 2 Mart 2016\u2019da kendi evinde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Cinayet, ki\u015fisel veya m\u00fcnferit bir sald\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildi. Honduras\u2019ta asker\u00ee darbe ile ba\u015fa gelmi\u015f fa\u015fist h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yerli halklar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n madencilik, a\u011fa\u00e7 kesimi ve hidroelektrik projelere a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u015firketlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n devletin g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve siyasal kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan korundu\u011fu bir d\u00fczenin sonucuydu. Berta\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, kurucular\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu Honduras Halk ve Yerli Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 Konseyi’nin m\u00fccadelesiyle devam ediyor.9<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Benzer bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma Nepal\u2019de, Sunkoshi Nehri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan hidroelektrik baraj projesinde ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Baraj projeleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca ka\u00e7 evin veya ka\u00e7 d\u00f6n\u00fcm arazinin sular alt\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendiriliyor. Oysa yerinden edilme, insanlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca evlerinden de\u011fil, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131ndan da kopararak yoksulla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Kad\u0131nlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 daha da a\u011f\u0131r olan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerindeki bak\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131rken bar\u0131nma, gelir ve g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 da derinle\u015ftiriyor. Kad\u0131nlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sosyal destek mekanizmalar\u0131ndan uzak, tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 daha savunmas\u0131z olduklar\u0131 ortamlarda ya\u015famaya zorlan\u0131yor.10<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Berta\u2019n\u0131n ve Majhi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, nehirlerin yaln\u0131zca enerji \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131labilecek birer su kayna\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Nehirlerin \u015firketlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131; b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n suya eri\u015fimini, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimini ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peru\u2019nun kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan M\u00e1xima Acu\u00f1a, yirmi y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcredir ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 araziden Yanacocha madencilik \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eirket, M\u00e1xima\u2019n\u0131n ailesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 arazinin toplu arazi al\u0131m\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. M\u00e1xima ve ailesi ise bu sat\u0131\u015fa hi\u00e7bir zaman r\u0131za g\u00f6stermediklerini belirtiyordu. M\u00e1xima, \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131lara, evinin ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n tahrip edilmesine, tahliye giri\u015fimlerine ve hukuki tacize maruz kald\u0131. \u201cYasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgal\u201d su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yarg\u0131land\u0131. Peru Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan beraat ettirilmesine ra\u011fmen \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 sona ermedi. Ailesinin bu arazinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir zaman r\u0131za g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini savunan M\u00e1xima, madencilik projesinin a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc bir muhalifi ve Peru’nun kuzeyindeki geleneksel ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00e7evrenin savunucusu haline geldi. Conga Maden Projesi ilerleme kaydetmedi.11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Benzer bir m\u00fccadele G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Cape b\u00f6lgesinde s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Nonhle Mbuthuma, Mpondo halk\u0131n\u0131n Amadiba toplulu\u011funa ait topraklar\u0131n madencilik ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131nma projeleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ediyor. Amadiba toplulu\u011fu, topraklar\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan titanyum madencili\u011fine, k\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda petrol ve gaz aranmas\u0131na ve b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7irilmek istenen otoyol g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r direniyor. Nonhle ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, be\u015f k\u00f6y\u00fcn halk\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirerek Amadiba Kriz Komitesi’ni kurdu. Topluluk, yaln\u0131zca belirli bir maden projesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor. Kendi topraklar\u0131nda nas\u0131l ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131na, hangi ekonomik faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcteceklerine ve b\u00f6lgenin gelece\u011finin nas\u0131l bi\u00e7imlendirilece\u011fine kendilerinin karar vermesini savunuyor. \u015eirketlerin \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u201ckalk\u0131nma\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na tar\u0131ma, topluluk m\u00fclkiyetine ve yerel ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine dayanan ba\u015fka bir kalk\u0131nma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 koyuyor. Bu m\u00fccadele nedeniyle Nonhle \u00f6l\u00fcm tehditleri ald\u0131, sindirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve bir suikast giri\u015fiminden sa\u011f kurtuldu.12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Brezilya Amazonlar\u0131’nda ya\u015fayan Alessandra Korap Munduruku, ormans\u0131zla\u015fmaya, hidroelektrik santrallerine ve Tapaj\u00f3s Nehri\u2019nin madencilik faaliyetleriyle kirletilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden Munduruku halk\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n \u00f6nderlerinden biri. Alessandra, Anglo American \u015firketinin b\u00f6lgedeki madencilik faaliyetlerinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 yerel ve uluslararas\u0131 kampanyalar \u00f6rg\u00fctledi. Amazon Watch ve Greenpeace gibi kurulu\u015flarla i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131; konferanslarda ve uluslararas\u0131 forumlarda Munduruku halk\u0131n\u0131n sesini duyurdu.13<\/a><\/sup> Amazonlar\u0131 madencilik, a\u011fa\u00e7 kesimi ve sondaj faaliyetlerinden koruyabilmek, halk\u0131n\u0131 hukuki alanda da temsil edebilmek i\u00e7in hukuk okumaya karar verdi. Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen kampanyalar sonucunda Anglo American, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brezilya\u2019daki yerli topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 27 maden ara\u015ft\u0131rma ba\u015fvurusunu geri \u00e7ekti. Bu kazan\u0131m, \u015firketlerin yerli topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zca tasarruf edemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Ancak Amazonlar\u0131n madencili\u011fe ve di\u011fer ekstraktivist faaliyetlere a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik politikalar devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in Alessandra ve Munduruku halk\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi de s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuzey Amerika\u2019da, Kanada\u2019daki Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en halk\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n toprak savunucular\u0131 da benzer bir m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. Sleydo\u2019 olarak bilinen Molly Wickham, Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en halk\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Gidimt\u2019en klan\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda yap\u0131lmak istenen Coastal GasLink do\u011fal gaz boru hatt\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fin s\u00f6zc\u00fclerinden biri. Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en savunucular\u0131, boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr, \u00f6nceden ve bilgilendirilmi\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131 al\u0131nmadan topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irildi\u011fini belirtiyor. Direni\u015f\u00e7iler polis bask\u0131nlar\u0131, zorla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma, g\u00f6zalt\u0131lar ve kriminalizasyonla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor.14<\/a><\/sup> Bu m\u00fccadele, yerli halklar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn de sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunan devlet kararlar\u0131 ve \u015firket yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr madencili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden Fikile Ntshangase\u2019nin hik\u00e2yesi ise bu \u015fiddetin ula\u015fabilece\u011fi noktay\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Fikile, KwaZulu-Natal\u2019deki Somkhele a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninin geni\u015fletilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen hukuki itiraz s\u00fcrecinde yer al\u0131yordu. \u0130tiraz\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyi reddettikten sonra 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi evinde vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Fikile\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, \u00e7evre savunucular\u0131na y\u00f6nelen \u015fiddetin yaln\u0131zca uzak veya denetimsiz b\u00f6lgelerde kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu \u015fiddet, \u015firket faaliyetlerinin korunmas\u0131, savunucular\u0131n yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n cezas\u0131z kalmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le geliyor.15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00e1xima\u2019n\u0131n \u201cyasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgalci\u201d ilan edilmesi, Nonhle\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm tehditleriyle susturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, Alessandra ve Sleydo\u2019nun temsil ettikleri halklar\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki iradesinin yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Fikile\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi birbirinden kopuk sald\u0131r\u0131lar de\u011fil. Kapitalist sistem, topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7iminden ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sermaye birikim arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrken; patriyarkal d\u00fczen, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toprak \u00fczerindeki s\u00f6z ve karar haklar\u0131n\u0131 yok say\u0131yor; \u00fcretimdeki, bak\u0131m eme\u011findeki ve topluluk ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezle\u015ftiriyor. Devlet mekanizmalar\u0131 ise topraklar\u0131n \u015firketlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda polis \u015fiddeti, kriminalizasyon ve cezas\u0131zl\u0131k yoluyla g\u00fcvence sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Bu nedenle M\u00e1xima\u2019n\u0131n, Nonhle\u2019nin, Alessandra\u2019n\u0131n, Sleydo\u2019nun ve Fikile\u2019nin m\u00fccadeleleri yaln\u0131zca tek tek projelere kar\u015f\u0131 verilen \u00e7evre m\u00fccadeleleri de\u011fil; topra\u011f\u0131, eme\u011fi ve ya\u015fam\u0131 \u015firketlerin k\u00e2r\u0131na teslim eden patriyarkal kapitalist ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci d\u00fczene, bu d\u00fczeni zor yoluyla s\u00fcrd\u00fcren fa\u015fizan politikalara kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadelelerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekolojik m\u00fccadelelerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol ve gaz \u015firketleri bulunmuyor. \u0130klim krizine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak sunulan enerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc de yeni maden sahalar\u0131, toprak gasplar\u0131 ve ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131mlar yarat\u0131yor.16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Portekiz\u2019in Barroso b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Maria Loureiro, ailesinden kalan topra\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir lityum madeni projesine kar\u015f\u0131 savunuyor.17<\/a><\/sup> Elektrikli ara\u00e7 bataryalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan lityum, fosil yak\u0131tlardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve ye\u015fil d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn temel hammaddelerinden biri olarak sunuluyor. Ancak bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn maliyeti, madenlerin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve yerel topluluklar\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Barroso \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir soruyu g\u00fcndeme getiriyor: Bir enerji modelinden di\u011ferine ge\u00e7erken \u00fcretim, t\u00fcketim ve m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri de\u011fi\u015fmiyorsa ger\u00e7ekten ekolojik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden s\u00f6z edilebilir mi? Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yerine ba\u015fka hammaddelerin ge\u00e7irilmesi, topra\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir kaynak deposu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmiyor. Bu nedenle ya\u015fam savunucular\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi yaln\u0131zca belirli enerji kaynaklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir m\u00fccadele de\u011fil. Kimin i\u00e7in, ne kadar ve hangi toplumsal bedeller pahas\u0131na \u00fcretim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusunu da i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Burada anlat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkeler ve m\u00fccadele ettikleri projeler birbirinden farkl\u0131. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bu m\u00fccadelelerde ortak bir hat var. Devletler ve \u015firketler topra\u011f\u0131, suyu ve ormanlar\u0131 sermaye birikiminin kaynaklar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken; kad\u0131nlar ve yerel topluluklar ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, bu alanlar \u00fczerindeki kullan\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi ya\u015famlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda karar verme yetkilerini savunuyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, soyut ve insandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u201cdo\u011fa\u201dy\u0131 koruma m\u00fccadelesi de\u011fil; ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, emeklerini, toprak \u00fczerindeki s\u00f6z haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi ya\u015famlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda karar verme yetkilerini savunma m\u00fccadelesidir. Bu nedenle ekolojik direni\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden, kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinden, yerli halklar\u0131n kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131ndan ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Agua Zarca Baraj\u0131 tamamlanamad\u0131. Conga Maden Projesi ilerleyemedi. Anglo American, yerli topraklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin maden arama ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekmek zorunda kald\u0131. Elbette her direni\u015f bir projeyi durduram\u0131yor, her kazan\u0131m kal\u0131c\u0131 olmuyor; baz\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerin bedeli a\u011f\u0131r, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise onlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Fakat tam da bu nedenle elde edilen kazan\u0131mlar \u00f6nemli: \u015firketlerin ve devletlerin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 projeler, ne kadar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazm\u0131\u015f gibi sunulursa sunulsun, kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir m\u00fccadele \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015ftirilebiliyor, ertelenebiliyor, hatta durdurulabiliyor. Akbelen\u2019den Gualcarque Nehri\u2019ne, Amazonlardan Amadiba k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzanan m\u00fccadeleler, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerler \u00fczerinde s\u00f6z sahibi olma iradesinin ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Toprak, su ve ormanlar \u015firketlerin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zca el koyabilece\u011fi k\u00e2r alanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, halklar\u0131n ortak varl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadelelerin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yan\u0131 da belki burada: gelece\u011fin hen\u00fcz belirlenmi\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onu kimin ve nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirece\u011finin h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir m\u00fccadele konusu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermelerinde.<\/p>\n\n\n \ud83d\udcf7: IWRM AIO SIDS Toprak; yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam\u0131n temeli, milyonlarca insan\u0131n ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahip. Ancak kapitalist\/emperyalist politikalar sonucu do\u011fal kaynaklar gasp ediliyor, toprak e\u015fitsizli\u011fi derinle\u015fiyor, k\u0131rsal yoksullukta ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011finde ise art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Topra\u011fa eri\u015fim ve toprak \u00fczerindeki kontrol, devletlerle \u015firketlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uzun s\u00fcreli ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, bask\u0131 ve m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12774,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. \u201cCase Studies: Renewable Energy & Human Rights.<\/a>\u201d 24 Nisan 2018. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"64e64ed6-a403-4ac1-8b98-46162f408b8d\"},{\"content\":\"Dzodzi Tsikata ve Pamela Golah. \u201cGender and Land Dispossession: A Comparative Analysis.<\/a>\u201d A\u011fustos 2017. UN Women Knowledge Portal Web Sitesi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"49ea3ac7-6f82-4451-b07f-126bdf20097b\"},{\"content\":\"Global Witness. \u201cAt Least 146 Land and Environmental Defenders Killed or Disappeared Globally in 2024.<\/a>\u201d 17 Eyl\u00fcl 2025. Global Witness Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"f7fd6c6c-9c36-44f7-ab6c-2831ef2fe8df\"},{\"content\":\"B\u0130A Haber Merkezi. \u201cYa\u015fam Savunucusu Esra I\u015f\u0131k Tutukland\u0131<\/a>.\u201d 31 Mart 2026. Bianet Web Sitesi.\",\"id\":\"c5b982a0-53a6-4804-9c71-b0de171a39a7\"},{\"content\":\"\u00c7evre Hukuku A\u011f\u0131. \u201cAkbelen Direni\u015fi ve \u0130kizk\u00f6y\u2019deki Do\u011fa Katliam\u0131n\u0131n Ekonomi-Politi\u011fi.<\/a>\u201d 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2023. \u00c7evre Hukuku A\u011f\u0131 Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"cbdfba2b-95bb-4708-ab91-7618c03321f0\"},{\"content\":\"Evrim Kepenek. \u201cYe\u015fil Artvin Derne\u011fi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Karahan: Artvin, \u0130li\u00e7 Gibi Olmas\u0131n Diye M\u00fccadele Ediyoruz.<\/a>\u201d 14 \u015eubat 2024. Bianet Web Sitesi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"20f624f8-341e-403f-9601-d55ee9db5c0b\"},{\"content\":\"Bianet. \u201c\u2018\u0130kizdere Ta\u015f Oca\u011f\u0131 Olmas\u0131n<\/a>.\u2019\u201d 26 Nisan 2021. Bianet Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"2d863e17-bdf3-4fee-9f8a-62da27f2e8b6\"},{\"content\":\"Evrim Kepenek. \u201cTopra\u011f\u0131n Kad\u0131nlar\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ekofeminizmin Sessiz Devrimi.<\/a>\u201d 30 Haziran 2025. Bianet Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"67515051-f53a-4fec-89a1-46079a74b78e\"},{\"content\":\"Front Line Defenders. \u201cCase History: Berta C\u00e1ceres.<\/a>\u201d Front Line Defenders Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"e7794013-e6fa-4855-8397-ed8a4e5689d6\"},{\"content\":\"Center for Economic and Social Rights. \u201cCESR and Allies Assess the Human Rights Impacts of Hydropower Project in Nepal.<\/a>\u201d 10 Haziran 2024. Center for Economic and Social Rights Web Sitesi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"272fd5fe-12b0-43ea-ae7f-090a6cbb6715\"},{\"content\":\"\u00a0Front Line Defenders. \u201cCase History: M\u00e1xima Acu\u00f1a de Chaupe<\/a>.\u201d 8 May\u0131s 2017. Front Line Defenders Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"9d772c67-c3b8-4221-a6ee-efb9ce438fa1\"},{\"content\":\"Amnesty International. \u201cSouth Africa: Harassed for Defending Her Ancestral Land: Nonhle Mbuthuma [Case Card].<\/a>\u201d 19 Eyl\u00fcl 2018. Amnesty International Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"99360bbe-3080-4fbf-8baf-99767704188c\"},{\"content\":\"Goldman Environmental Prize. \u201cAlessandra Korap Munduruku.<\/a>\u201d 2023. Goldman Environmental Prize Web Sitesi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"70a0bb63-3a2e-4d62-88b2-d1b4b639654a\"},{\"content\":\"Amnesty International. \u201cCanada: \u2018Removed from Our Land for Defending It\u2019: Criminalization, Intimidation and Harassment of Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en Land Defenders.<\/a>\u201d 11 Aral\u0131k 2023. Amnesty International Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"16a59143-9e3a-4b6c-8cb3-b0770ce24f03\"},{\"content\":\"Katharina Rall. \u201cStill No Justice for Killing of South African Mining Activist.<\/a>\u201d 22 Ekim 2021. Human Rights Watch Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"17891971-bf4f-4e2a-847b-de1406f94a11\"},{\"content\":\"Catarina Demony, Pietro Lombardi ve Simon Johnson. \u201cEurope\u2019s Mining Quest Faces a Hurdle: Angry Locals.<\/a>\u201d 13 Eyl\u00fcl 2023. Reuters Web Sitesi. \",\"id\":\"23ecb235-a354-444e-a52e-50c868985730\"},{\"content\":\"Reuters. \u201cEnvironmental Groups Sue EU Commission over Portugal\u2019s Lithium Mine.<\/a>\u201d 5 \u015eubat 2026. Reuters Web Sitesi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"6a72d2b4-f217-4344-9b7b-6de246d7acdd\"}]","_ppma_block_editor_authors":"{\"authors\":[1416],\"author_categories\":{\"1416\":\"1\"},\"fallback_author_user\":\"5\",\"ppma_author_box_select\":\"\",\"selected_authors\":[{\"id\":1416,\"display_name\":\"Asl\u0131 Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131\",\"is_guest\":0,\"category_id\":\"1\"}]}"},"categories":[543],"tags":[377,1524,1522],"ppma_author":[1416],"class_list":["post-12696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekoloji","tag-ekofeminizm","tag-ekokirim","tag-orgutlu-kadin-mucadelesi","author-asli-tasci"],"authors":[{"term_id":1416,"user_id":67,"is_guest":0,"slug":null,"display_name":"Asl\u0131 Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/a5d51635c0d4456e04141a2d86e978a7.jpg?ver=1790266060","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12696"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12776,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12696\/revisions\/12776"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12696"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=12696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Akbelen\u2019den Kaz Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Direni\u015fi <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Nehirler \u00dczerindeki \u015eirket ve Devlet Kontrol\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Madencilik ve M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ye\u015fil D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Kimin Topra\u011f\u0131nda?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ya\u015fam\u0131 Savunmak<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n