\ud83d\udcf7 Dorothea Lange<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em> ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> deneyimleri \u00fczerine y\u00fcksek lisans tezimi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m y\u0131llarda bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kad\u0131n ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmama ra\u011fmen, as\u0131l deneyimlerine odakland\u0131klar\u0131m hep erkeklerdi. Toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkileri hangi ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131n\u0131n, kimlerin deneyimlerinin \u00f6nemli ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya de\u011fer oldu\u011funu da belirliyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn zorluklara ra\u011fmen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan, enformel piyasalar taraf\u0131ndan amans\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve s\u00fcrekli geri g\u00f6nderilme korkusu ile ya\u015fayan erkek g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda evde \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na bak\u0131p g\u00f6reli daha \u201cg\u00fcvence\u201d alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n deneyimleri daha az \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya de\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Her ne kadar toplumsal cinsiyet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi alanlarda son d\u00f6nemde daha \u00e7ok akademik \u00fcretim s\u00f6z konusu olsa da, g\u00f6\u00e7menlik deneyiminin kendisi erkek deneyimi taraf\u0131ndan belirleniyordu. Oysa g\u00f6\u00e7menlik deneyimi sadece s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve tehlike ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olmak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda o tehlikelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olmakt\u0131. Ve her zamanki gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olan\u0131n hikayesi ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131yordu. Bu yaz\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm baz\u0131 Suriyeli kad\u0131nlar\u0131n anlat\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olanlar\u0131n deneyimlerine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bunu yaparken de g\u00f6\u00e7menlik deneyiminin homojen olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daha az tehlikeli veya kayg\u0131l\u0131 hayatlar s\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibi duran kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da farkl\u0131 tahakk\u00fcm ve bask\u0131lar alt\u0131nda var oldu\u011funu ve bu deneyimi ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde belirledi\u011fini savunaca\u011f\u0131m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 itibari ile g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kay\u0131ts\u0131z veya ilinde ikamet etmeyen g\u00f6\u00e7menleri her an geri g\u00f6nderilme korkusu ile sararken daha g\u00fcvencesiz ve enformel piyasalarda daha s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hale getirdi. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu semtlerde polis kontrolleri ve yakalamalar artt\u0131. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan g\u00f6\u00e7 mobil ara\u00e7lar\u01311<\/a><\/sup>, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerine al\u0131nma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insanlar daha g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. \u0130\u015ften eve, evden i\u015fe ge\u00e7en bir hayat\u2026 Fakat bu g\u00fcvencesizlik, her g\u00fcn yakalanma korkusu i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015famak bile asl\u0131nda toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkileri taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015fti. Politikalar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi kad\u0131nlarda daha farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sirayet ediyordu. K\u0131sacas\u0131, kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirilmi\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 rejimine farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde dahil ediliyordu ve bu dahiliyet katlanm\u0131\u015f bir d\u0131\u015flama \u00fczerinden i\u015fliyordu. Her ne kadar tehlikeli ve g\u00f6\u00e7men bedenleri \u00fczerinden i\u015fleyen s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc sisteminin en \u00f6nemli mekanizmalar\u0131ndan biri olsa da enformel piyasalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamusal, sosyal alana dahil olman\u0131n bir kanal\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu i\u015f hayat\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 onlar\u0131n tamamen bu alanlardan d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yordu.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kay\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu il d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan kad\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerimden bir tanesi son y\u0131llarda zorunluluktan pazara gitmek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda art\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahalleye bile \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Bir yandan g\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirilmi\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 y\u00f6netimi ve onun teknikleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kalma \u201cl\u00fcks\u00fc\u201d var gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrken, asl\u0131nda daha farkl\u0131 bir alternatifsizli\u011fe itilmi\u015fti. Evdeki iki \u00e7ocu\u011funa bakma sorumlulu\u011fu onu risk alma se\u00e7ene\u011finden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131yordu. Her ne kadar kocas\u0131 hayatta kalmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlikelere ra\u011fmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundayd\u0131 ise, kendisinin de se\u00e7enekleri toplumsal, siyasal ve ekonomik ko\u015fullar taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015fti. Kad\u0131n olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fka bir ile kay\u0131tl\u0131 olup \u0130stanbul\u2019da fiiliyatta yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em> \u015fekilde ikamet etmek de se\u00e7eneklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda belirliyordu. Ge\u00e7ici Koruma alt\u0131ndaki Suriyeliler sadece kay\u0131tl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 \u015fehirlerde sa\u011fl\u0131k ve benzeri hizmetlere ula\u015fabildikleri i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131k problemlerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek, ge\u00e7ici \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerle ertelemek ellerindeki en iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fc. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecim bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 sakatlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fakat hastaneye gidemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in a\u011fr\u0131 kesiciler ile ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Benzer problemleri erkek g\u00f6\u00e7menler de ya\u015f\u0131yordu; \u00f6zellikle enformel piyasalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sakatlanmalar g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yo\u011fundu. Fakat eve gelir sa\u011flamak zorunda olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in genelde yakalanma riskini g\u00f6ze alarak devlet hastanelerinde tedavi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu bariz bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya koyuyordu: g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131 kad\u0131nlar ve erkekler \u00fczerinde ayn\u0131 etkiye sahip de\u011fildi; toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkileri iki taraf i\u00e7in de farkl\u0131 g\u00fcvencesizlikler ve k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131klar \u00fcretiyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Her ne kadar yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> g\u00f6\u00e7men kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 katlasa, ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlasa ve onlar\u0131 daha g\u00fcvencesiz konuma getirse de, kay\u0131tl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar da hem kad\u0131n hem g\u00f6\u00e7men olman\u0131n zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130stanbul kay\u0131tl\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011funa hamile bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecim T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geldi\u011fi gibi \u0130stanbul kimli\u011fi \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n ve erkek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerimin e\u015flerinin aksine do\u011fumlar i\u00e7in devlet hastanesine gidebilmi\u015f ve \u00f6zelde \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek fiyatlar \u00f6demek zorunda kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat kad\u0131n olmak ve g\u00f6\u00e7men olmak h\u00e2l\u00e2 fazlas\u0131yla deneyimlerini belirliyordu. Konu\u015fmam\u0131zdan bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce pazarda \u201cBir bebek daha m\u0131 getireceksin d\u00fcnyaya? Daha \u00e7ocuk istiyorsan git Suriye\u2019ye\u201d gibi s\u00f6ylemlere maruz kalmas\u0131 bu \u00f6rneklerden biriydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirilmi\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ve polis kontrollerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla erkekleri hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek bu durumda yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. \u00d6ncelikle, polis ve g\u00f6\u00e7 idaresinin de zihinlerinde belirli bir g\u00f6\u00e7men stereotipi oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok avukat ve g\u00f6\u00e7men taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilen bir durum. \u201cSuriyeli g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeme\u201dnin oldu\u011fu kadar kad\u0131n olman\u0131n da polis taraf\u0131ndan kontrole tabi tutulma ve yakalanma riskini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylemler. Fakat g\u00f6\u00e7menlik deneyiminde ne kadar toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri etkili olsa da, kad\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin deneyimleri de homojen de\u011fil. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak erkeklerin bu politikalar taraf\u0131ndan hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumsal alanda daha \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnmez\u201d olmas\u0131 yine de her an geri g\u00f6nderilebilir olduklar\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirmiyor. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kad\u0131n ve LGBT\u0130+ kimlikleri, yakalanma halinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin mevcut k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 katmanla\u015ft\u0131rarak derinle\u015ftirmekle kalm\u0131yor, geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerini onlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha zorlay\u0131c\u0131 ve g\u00fcvencesiz mek\u00e2nlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \ud83d\udcf7 Dorothea Lange G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k deneyimleri \u00fczerine y\u00fcksek lisans tezimi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m y\u0131llarda bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kad\u0131n ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmama ra\u011fmen, as\u0131l deneyimlerine odakland\u0131klar\u0131m hep erkeklerdi. Toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkileri hangi ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131n\u0131n, kimlerin deneyimlerinin \u00f6nemli ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya de\u011fer oldu\u011funu da belirliyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn zorluklara…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":11380,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"\u00a0\u00a0T.C. \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. (27 \u015eubat 2024). D\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin tespitini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ve h\u0131zland\u0131ran mobil g\u00f6\u00e7 noktas\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 162\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/em>.\u00a0<\/a>\",\"id\":\"0c12cb82-a74c-458b-9a55-9d75ea702866\"}]","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[1252],"tags":[375,1282,151],"ppma_author":[1567],"class_list":["post-11379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gocmenlik","tag-gocmenkadinlar","tag-gocmenlik","tag-kadin-dayanismasi","author-meric-balkan"],"authors":[{"term_id":1567,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"meric-balkan","display_name":"Meri\u00e7 Balkan","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/23494c9101089ad44ae88ce9d2f56aac.jpg?ver=1792058065","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11379"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11382,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379\/revisions\/11382"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11379"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mordayanisma.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=11379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}